304 capillary tube Nanocomposites Bisa Tungsten Oxide/Fullerene a matsayin Electrocatalysts da Inhibitors na Parasitic VO2 +/VO2+ Reactions a Mixed Acids

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Bakin Karfe 304 Coil Tube Chemical Composition

304 Bakin Karfe Coil Tube wani nau'in austenitic chromium-nickel gami ne.Dangane da Bakin Karfe 304 Coil Tube Manufacturer, babban abin da ke cikin sa shine Cr (17% -19%), da Ni (8% -10.5%).Domin inganta juriya ga lalata, akwai ƙananan adadin Mn (2%) da Si (0.75%).

Bakin Karfe 304 Coil Tube Mechanical Properties

The inji Properties na 304 bakin karfe nada tube ne kamar haka:

• Ƙarfin ƙarfi: ≥515MPa
• Ƙarfin haɓaka: ≥205MPa
• Tsawaitawa: ≥30%

Aikace-aikace & Amfani da Bakin Karfe 304 Coil Tube

Ingantacciyar tsadar batirin vanadium redox flow batir (VRFBs) yana iyakance amfaninsu da yawa.Dole ne a inganta motsin halayen electrochemical don ƙara yawan ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin kuzari na VRFB, ta haka ne a rage farashin kWh na VRFB.A cikin wannan aikin, hydrothermally hada hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) nanoparticles, C76 da C76 / HWO, an ajiye su a kan carbon zane electrodes da kuma gwada a matsayin electrocatalysts ga VO2 +/VO2+ redox dauki.Filayen sikanin sikanin lantarki microscopy (FESEM), makamashi dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution trans electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared Fourier canza Spectroscopy (FTIR) da ma'aunin kusurwar lamba.An gano cewa ƙari na C76 fullerene zuwa HWO na iya haɓaka motsin motsi na lantarki game da VO2 + / VO2 + redox dauki ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakawa da samar da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki na oxygen a samansa.HWO / C76 composite (50 wt% C76) ya tabbatar da zama mafi dacewa da amsawar VO2 +/VO2 + tare da ΔEp na 176 mV idan aka kwatanta da 365 mV don zanen carbon da ba a kula da shi ba (UCC).Bugu da ƙari, haɗe-haɗe na HWO/C76 ya nuna gagarumin hanawa na haɓakar chlorine na parasitic saboda ƙungiyoyin ayyukan W-OH.
Tsananin ayyukan ɗan adam da saurin juyin juya halin masana'antu sun haifar da buƙatun wutar lantarki da ba za a iya tsayawa ba, wanda ke ƙaruwa da kusan kashi 3% a kowace shekara1.Shekaru da dama da suka wuce, yawan amfani da makamashin mai a matsayin tushen samar da makamashi ya haifar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, wanda ke haifar da dumamar yanayi, ruwa da gurbacewar iska, wanda ke barazana ga dukkan halittu.Sakamakon haka, nan da shekara ta 2050 ana hasashen rabon makamashi mai tsafta da makamashin hasken rana zai kai kashi 75% na jimlar wutar lantarki1.Duk da haka, lokacin da samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ya wuce kashi 20 cikin dari na yawan samar da wutar lantarki, grid ya zama maras tabbas 1. Samar da ingantaccen tsarin ajiyar makamashi yana da mahimmanci ga wannan sauyin, saboda dole ne su adana wutar lantarki da yawa da kuma daidaita wadata da buƙata.
Daga cikin dukkanin tsarin ajiyar makamashi irin su matasan vanadium redox batura masu gudana2, duk batir ɗin vanadium redox (VRFBs) sune mafi ci gaba saboda yawancin fa'idodin su3 kuma ana la'akari da mafi kyawun bayani don ajiyar makamashi na dogon lokaci (~ shekaru 30).Amfani da hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa4.Wannan shi ne saboda rarrabuwa na ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin kuzari, amsa mai sauri, tsawon rai da ƙarancin farashi na shekara-shekara na $ 65 / kWh idan aka kwatanta da $ 93-140 / kWh don batirin Li-ion da gubar-acid da 279-420 USD/kWh./kWh baturi bi da bi 4.
Koyaya, tallace-tallacen su na ci gaba da samun cikas ta hanyar ingantattun farashin babban tsarin, galibi saboda fakitin baturi4,5.Don haka, haɓaka aikin batir ta hanyar haɓaka motsin halayen rabin-cell biyu na iya rage girman baturi kuma ta haka rage farashi.Sabili da haka, ana buƙatar canja wurin wutar lantarki mai sauri zuwa farfajiyar lantarki, dangane da ƙira, abun da ke ciki da tsarin lantarki, wanda dole ne a inganta shi a hankali.Ko da yake carbon tushen electrodes da kyau sinadaran da electrochemical kwanciyar hankali da kuma mai kyau lantarki watsin, idan ba a kula, su motsin zuciyarmu za su yi jinkiri saboda rashi na oxygen aiki kungiyoyin da hydrophilicity7,8.Sabili da haka, ana haɗa nau'ikan lantarki daban-daban tare da na'urorin lantarki, musamman carbon nanostructures da karfe oxides, don inganta motsin motsin lantarki guda biyu, ta haka ne ya kara motsi na lantarki na VRFB.
An yi amfani da abubuwa da yawa na carbon, irin su carbon paper9, carbon nanotubes10,11,12,13, nanostructures na tushen graphene14,15,16,17, carbon nanofibers18 da sauransu19,20,21,22,23, ban da dangin fullerene. .A cikin bincikenmu na baya akan C76, mun bayar da rahoto a karon farko kyakkyawan aikin electrocatalytic na wannan fullerene zuwa VO2 +/VO2 +, idan aka kwatanta da zafin zafi da zanen carbon da ba a kula da shi ba, an rage juriya ta cajin da 99.5% da 97% 24.Ayyukan kayan aikin carbon don amsawar VO2+/VO2+ idan aka kwatanta da C76 ana nuna su a cikin Tebur S1.A gefe guda, yawancin oxides na ƙarfe irin su CeO225, ZrO226, MoO327, NiO28, SnO229, Cr2O330 da WO331, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 ana amfani da su saboda ƙara yawan wettability da abun ciki na oxygen.ƙungiyoyi.Tebura S2 yana nuna aikin kuzarin waɗannan ƙarfe oxides a cikin amsawar VO2+/VO2+.An yi amfani da WO3 a cikin adadi mai yawa na ayyuka saboda ƙananan farashi, babban kwanciyar hankali a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na acidic, da kuma babban aiki na catalytic31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38.Duk da haka, WO3 ya nuna kadan inganta a cikin cathode kinetics.Don inganta haɓakar WO3, an gwada tasirin amfani da raguwar tungsten oxide (W18O49) akan ingantaccen aikin lantarki38.Hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) ba a taɓa gwadawa a aikace-aikacen VRFB ba, kodayake ya nuna ayyuka mafi girma a cikin aikace-aikacen supercapacitor saboda saurin cation cation idan aka kwatanta da anhydrous WOx39,40.Ƙarni na uku duk-vanadium redox kwarara baturi yana amfani da gauraye acid electrolyte wanda ya ƙunshi HCl da H2SO4 don inganta aikin baturi da inganta narkewa da kwanciyar hankali na ions vanadium a cikin electrolyte.Koyaya, yanayin juyin halittar chlorine na parasitic ya zama ɗaya daga cikin rashin lahani na ƙarni na uku, don haka nemo hanyoyin da za a murkushe amsawar ƙimar chlorine ya zama aikin ƙungiyoyin bincike da yawa.
Anan, an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen amsawa na VO2 +/VO2+ akan abubuwan haɗin HWO/C76 da aka ajiye akan na'urorin kyalle na carbon don nemo ma'auni tsakanin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na abubuwan da aka haɗa da redox reaction kinetics akan farfajiyar lantarki yayin da yake hana shigar chlorine parasitic.dauki (KVR).Nanoparticles tungsten oxide (HWO) an haɗa su ta hanyar hanyar hydrothermal mai sauƙi.An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a cikin mahaɗaɗɗen electrolyte acid (H2SO4/HCl) don daidaitawa na ƙarni na uku VRFB (G3) don dacewa da kuma bincika tasirin HWO akan juyin halittar chlorine na parasitic42.
Vanadium (IV) sulfate oxide hydrate (VOSO4, 99.9%, Alfa-Aeser), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma-Aldrich), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium). Tungsten oxide dihydrate (Na2WO4, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) da hydrophilic carbon zane ELAT (Fuel Cell Store) an yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken.
An shirya Hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) ta hanyar maganin hydrothermal wanda 2 g na gishiri Na2WO4 aka narkar da shi a cikin 12 ml na HO har sai an sami wani bayani mara launi, sa'an nan kuma an ƙara 12 ml na 2 M HCl a hankali har sai an dakatar da rawaya mai haske. aka samu.dakatarwa.An gudanar da maganin hydrothermal a cikin Teflon mai rufin bakin karfe autoclave a cikin tanda a 180 ºC na 3 hours.An tattara ragowar ta hanyar tacewa, an wanke sau 3 tare da ethanol da ruwa, an bushe shi a cikin tanda a 70 ° C na ~ 3 h, sa'an nan kuma ƙasa don samun foda mai launin shuɗi-launin HWO.
Abubuwan da aka samo (wanda ba a kula da su ba) an yi amfani da su a cikin hanyar da aka samo su ko kuma an yi musu magani mai zafi a cikin tanderun bututu a 450 ° C don 10 h a wani adadin dumama na 15 ° C / min a cikin iska zuwa sami magani UCC (TCC), s Daidai da aikin da ya gabata 24. An yanke UCC da TCC cikin na'urorin lantarki kamar 1.5 cm fadi da 7 cm tsayi.An dakatar da dakatarwar C76, HWO, HWO-10% C76, HWO-30% C76 da HWO-50% C76 ta ƙara 20 MG na foda mai aiki da 10 wt% (~ 2.22 mg) na PVDF mai ɗaure zuwa ~ 1 ml na DMF da aka shirya a cikin kuma sonicated don 1 hour don inganta daidaituwa.Sa'an nan 2 MG na C76, HWO da HWO-C76 composites an yi amfani da su zuwa kusan 1.5 cm2 na yankin UCC mai aiki na lantarki.An ɗora duk masu haɓakawa a kan wayoyin UCC kuma an yi amfani da TCC don kwatanta dalilai kawai, kamar yadda aikinmu na baya ya nuna cewa ba a buƙatar maganin zafi 24 .An sami daidaitawar ra'ayi ta hanyar goge 100 µl na dakatarwa (Load 2 mg) don ƙarin daidaituwa.Sa'an nan kuma an bushe dukkan na'urorin lantarki a cikin tanda na dare a 60 ° C.Ana auna na'urorin lantarki kafin da kuma bayan don tabbatar da ingantacciyar lodin haja.Domin samun wani yanki na geometric (~ 1.5 cm2) da kuma hana hawan vanadium electrolyte zuwa electrodes saboda tasirin capillary, an yi amfani da wani bakin ciki na paraffin akan kayan aiki.
An yi amfani da microscope na sikanin fitarwa na fili (FESEM, Zeiss SEM Ultra 60.5 kV) don lura da yanayin yanayin HWO.An yi amfani da fasahar watsawa ta X-ray spectroscopy sanye take da Feii8SEM (EDX, Zeiss AG) don taswirar abubuwan HWO-50%C76 akan wayoyin UCC.An yi amfani da microscope mai girma na watsawa na lantarki (HR-TEM, JOEL JEM-2100) wanda ke aiki a ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki na 200 kV don samun hotuna masu girma da kuma zobe na ɓarna na HWO.Yi amfani da software na Akwatin Kayan aiki na Crystallographic (CrysTBox) don nazarin zoben rarrabuwar HWO ta amfani da aikin ringGUI da kwatanta sakamakon tare da ƙirar XRD.Tsarin da graphitization na UCC da TCC an ƙaddara ta hanyar X-ray diffraction (XRD) a ƙimar sikanin 2.4 ° / min daga 5 ° zuwa 70 ° tare da Cu Kα (λ = 1.54060 Å) ta amfani da diffractometer X-ray na Panalytical.(Model 3600).XRD yana nuna tsarin crystal da matakan HWO.An yi amfani da software na PANalytical X'Pert HighScore don dacewa da kololuwar HWO zuwa taswirar tungsten oxide da ke cikin bayanan45.Kwatanta sakamakon HWO tare da sakamakon TEM.Halin sinadarai da yanayin samfuran HWO an ƙaddara su ta hanyar X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi, ThermoScientific).An yi amfani da software na CASA-XPS (v 2.3.15) don ƙaddamar da kololuwar juzu'i da nazarin bayanai.Fourier canza infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, ta amfani da Perkin Elmer class KBr FTIR spectrometer) an yi ma'auni don tantance ƙungiyoyin aikin saman na HWO da HWO-50% C76.Kwatanta sakamakon da sakamakon XPS.Hakanan an yi amfani da ma'aunin kusurwa na lamba (KRUSS DSA25) don siffata jigon na'urorin lantarki.
Don duk ma'auni na lantarki, an yi amfani da aikin Biologic SP 300.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) da electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) da aka yi amfani da su yi nazarin electrode kinetics na VO2+/VO2+ redox dauki da kuma tasirin reagent diffusion (VOSO4 (VO2+)) a kan dauki rate.Dukansu fasahohin biyu suna amfani da tantanin halitta uku-electrode tare da ƙwayar electrolyte na 0.1 M VOSO4 (V4+) wanda aka narkar da shi a cikin 1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl (mixed acid).Duk bayanan electrochemical da aka gabatar an gyara IR.An yi amfani da na'urar lantarki mai cikakken calomel (SCE) da naɗaɗɗen platinum (Pt) azaman abin tunani da na'urar lantarki, bi da bi.Don CV, an yi amfani da ƙimar duba (ν) na 5, 20, da 50 mV/s zuwa taga mai yuwuwa (0-1) V idan aka kwatanta da SCE don VO2 +/VO2+, sannan aka gyara akan sikelin SHE don yin makirci (VSCE = 0.242). V dangane da HSE).Don bincika riƙe ayyukan lantarki, an sake yin amfani da CV akan UCC, TCC, UCC-C76, UCC-HWO da UCC-HWO-50% C76 a ν daidai da 5 mV/s.Don ma'aunin EIS don VO2+/VO2+ redox dauki, an yi amfani da kewayon mitar 0.01-105 Hz da buɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki (OCV) na 10 mV.Kowane gwaji an maimaita sau 2-3 don tabbatar da daidaiton sakamakon.An samo madaidaitan ƙimar ƙima (k0) ta hanyar Nicholson46,47.
Hydrated tungsten oxide (HVO) an samu nasarar haɗa shi ta hanyar hanyar hydrothermal.Hoton SEM a cikin fig.1a yana nuna cewa HWO da aka ajiye ya ƙunshi gungu na nanoparticles tare da girman barbashi a cikin kewayon 25-50 nm.
Tsarin rarrabuwar X-ray na HWO yana nuna kololuwa (001) da (002) a ~ 23.5 ° da ~ 47.5 °, bi da bi, waɗanda ke da halayen nonstoichiometric WO2.63 (W32O84) (PDF 077-0810, a = 21.4 Å, b = 17.8 Å, c = 3.8 Å, α = β = γ = 90 °), wanda ya dace da launin shudi na fili (Fig. 1b) 48,49.Sauran kololuwa a kusan 20.5°, 27.1°, 28.1°, 30.8°, 35.7°, 36.7° da 52.7° suna (140), (620), (350), (720), (740), (560).da (970) jiragen sama na diffraction, bi da bi, 49 orthorhombic WO2.63.Songara et al.43 yayi amfani da wannan hanyar haɗin gwiwa don samun samfurin farin, wanda aka danganta da kasancewar WO3 (H2O) 0.333.Duk da haka, a cikin wannan aikin, saboda yanayi daban-daban, an samo samfurin launin shuɗi-launin toka, yana nuna haɗin kai na WO3 (H2O) 0.333 (PDF 087-1203, a = 7.3 Å, b = 12.5 Å, c = 7.7) a cikin Å. , α = β = γ = 90 °) da kuma rage nau'i na tungsten oxide.Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tare da software na X'Pert HighScore ya nuna 26% WO3 (H2O) 0.333: 74% W32O84.Tun da W32O84 ya ƙunshi W6+ da W4+ (1.67:1 W6+: W4+), kiyasin abun ciki na W6+ da W4+ kusan 72% W6+ da 28% W4+, bi da bi.Hotunan SEM, 1-na biyu XPS spectra a matakin tsakiya, hotunan TEM, FTIR spectra da Raman spectra na sassan C76 an gabatar dasu a cikin takarda ta baya24.A cewar Kawada et al.50,51, X-ray diffraction model na C76 yana nuna tsarin monoclinic na FCC bayan cire toluene.
Hotunan SEM a cikin fig.2a da b suna nuna nasarar jigon HWO da HWO-50% C76 akan kuma tsakanin filayen carbon na lantarki na UCC.Ana nuna taswirar abubuwan tungsten, carbon da oxygen a cikin hoton SEM a cikin siffa 2c a cikin fig.2d-f yana nuna cewa tungsten da carbon suna gauraye iri ɗaya (yana nuna irin wannan rarraba) akan farfajiyar lantarki kuma ba a adana abubuwan da aka haɗa daidai ba.saboda yanayin hanyar hazo.
Hotunan SEM na ɓangarorin HWO da aka ajiye (a) da barbashi na HWO-C76 (b).Taswirar EDX da aka ɗora zuwa HWO-C76 a UCC ta amfani da yanki a cikin hoto (c) yana nuna rarraba tungsten (d), carbon (e), da oxygen (f) a cikin samfurin.
An yi amfani da HR-TEM don ɗaukar hoto mai girma da kuma bayanan crystallographic (Hoto 3).HWO yana nuna ilimin halittar jiki na nanocube kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 3a kuma a fili a cikin Hoto 3b.Ta hanyar haɓaka nanocube don karkatar da yanki da aka zaɓa, tsarin grating da jiragen sama masu gamsarwa waɗanda ke gamsar da dokar Bragg ana iya gani kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 3c, yana mai tabbatar da crystallinity na kayan.A cikin saiti zuwa 3c yana nuna nisa d 3.3 Å daidai da (022) da (620) jiragen sama masu rarraba a cikin WO3 (H2O) 0.333 da W32O84, 43, 44, 49, bi da bi.Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken XRD na sama (Fig. 1b) tun lokacin da aka lura da nisa na jirgin sama d (Fig. 3c) ya dace da mafi girma XRD mafi girma a cikin samfurin HWO.Ana kuma nuna zoben samfurin a cikin fig.3d, inda kowane zobe yayi daidai da jirgin sama daban.Jirgin WO3 (H2O) 0.333 da W32O84 suna da launin fari da shuɗi, bi da bi, kuma ana nuna kololuwar su na XRD a hoto na 1b.Zoben farko da aka nuna a tsarin zoben yayi daidai da farkon alamar kololuwa a cikin tsarin x-ray na (022) ko (620) diffraction jirgin sama.Daga (022) zuwa (402) zobe, d-nisa na 3.30, 3.17, 2.38, 1.93, da 1.69 Å aka samo, waɗanda suka yi daidai da ƙimar XRD na 3.30, 3.17, 2.45, 1.93 da 1.66.Å, 44, 45, bi da bi.
(a) Hoton HR-TEM na HWO, (b) yana nuna girman hoto.Ana nuna Hotunan Hotunan jiragen a cikin (c), kuma inset (c) na nuna girman hoton jiragen da tazarar d 0.33 nm daidai da (002) da (620) jirage.(d) Tsarin zobe na HWO yana nuna jiragen da ke hade da matakan WO3 (H2O) 0.333 (fararen fata) da W32O84 (blue).
An gudanar da bincike na XPS don sanin yanayin sinadarai da yanayin iskar shaka na tungsten (Figures S1 da 4).An nuna bakan na sigar XPS mai faɗi na HWO da aka haɗa a cikin siffa.S1, yana nuna kasancewar tungsten.Ana nuna sikirin kunkuntar duban XPS na manyan matakan W 4f da O 1s a cikin Figs.4a da b, bi da bi.W 4f bakan ya kasu kashi biyu juzu'i-orbit ninki biyu daidai da dauri makamashi na hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar W. Kololuwa W 4f5/2 da W 4f7/2 a dauri makamashi na 37.8 da 35.6 eV na W6+, kuma kololuwa W. 4f5/2 da W 4f7/2 a 36.6 da 34.9 eV halaye ne na jihar W4+, bi da bi.Kasancewar yanayin oxidation (W4 +) ya kara tabbatar da samuwar WO2.63 ba tare da stoichiometric ba, yayin da kasancewar W6 + yana nuna stoichiometric WO3 saboda WO3 (H2O) 0.333.Bayanan da aka dace sun nuna cewa adadin atomic na W6+ da W4+ sun kasance 85% da 15%, bi da bi, waɗanda ke kusa da ƙimar da aka ƙiyasta daga bayanan XRD, da aka ba da bambanci tsakanin fasahohin biyu.Duk hanyoyin biyu suna ba da bayanan ƙididdiga tare da ƙarancin daidaito, musamman XRD.Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin biyu suna nazarin sassa daban-daban na kayan saboda XRD hanya ce mai girma yayin da XPS hanya ce ta saman da kawai ta kusanci 'yan nanometers.Bakan O 1s ya rabu zuwa kololuwa biyu a 533 (22.2%) da 530.4 eV (77.8%).Na farko yayi daidai da OH, kuma na biyu zuwa haɗin oxygen a cikin lattice a cikin WO.Kasancewar ƙungiyoyin ayyuka na OH daidai da kaddarorin hydration na HWO.
An kuma yi nazarin FTIR akan waɗannan samfurori guda biyu don bincika kasancewar ƙungiyoyi masu aiki da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin ruwa a cikin tsarin HWO mai ruwa.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa samfurin HWO-50% C76 da kuma sakamakon FT-IR HWO suna kama da haka saboda kasancewar HWO, amma tsananin girman kololuwa ya bambanta saboda nau'ikan samfurin da aka yi amfani da su yayin shirye-shiryen bincike (Fig. 5a). ).HWO-50% C76 Ana nuna duk kololuwa 24 na fullerene ban da kololuwar tungsten oxide.Cikakken bayani a cikin fig.5a ya nuna cewa duka samfurori suna nuna wani nau'i mai karfi mai karfi a ~ 710 / cm, wanda aka danganta da OWO na girgiza girgizar kasa a cikin tsarin HWO, da kafada mai karfi a ~ 840 / cm, wanda aka danganta ga WO.Ƙaƙwalwar kaifi a ~ 1610 / cm yana da alaƙa da girgizar girgizar OH, kuma babban ɓangaren sha a ~ 3400 / cm yana da alaƙa da girgizar girgiza OH a cikin ƙungiyar hydroxyl43.Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da bakan XPS a cikin siffa 4b, inda ƙungiyar aikin WO za ta iya samar da wuraren aiki don amsawar VO2 +/VO2 +.
Binciken FTIR na HWO da HWO-50% C76 (a) yana nuna ƙungiyoyi masu aiki da ma'aunin kusurwa (b, c).
Ƙungiyar OH kuma na iya ƙaddamar da amsawar VO2+/VO2+, ta haka ne ke ƙara yawan ruwa na lantarki, ta yadda za a inganta yadawa da kuma yawan canja wurin lantarki.Samfurin HWO-50% C76 yana nuna ƙarin kololuwar C76 kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi.Za a iya sanya kololuwar a ~ 2905, 2375, 1705, 1607, da 1445 cm3 zuwa CH, O = C = O, C = O, C = C, da CO, bi da bi.An san cewa ƙungiyoyi masu aiki na oxygen C = O da CO na iya zama cibiyoyin aiki don halayen redox na vanadium.Don gwadawa da kwatanta jigon na'urorin lantarki guda biyu, an yi amfani da ma'aunin kusurwar lamba kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 5b, c.Wutar lantarki ta HWO nan da nan tana ɗaukar ɗigon ruwa, yana nuna superhydrophilicity saboda ƙungiyoyin ayyukan OH da ke akwai.HWO-50% C76 ya fi hydrophobic, tare da kusurwar lamba na kusan 135 ° bayan 10 seconds.Koyaya, a cikin ma'auni na lantarki, wutar lantarki HWO-50% C76 an jika gaba ɗaya cikin ƙasa da minti ɗaya.Ma'auni na wettability sun yi daidai da sakamakon XPS da FTIR, suna ba da shawarar cewa ƙarin ƙungiyoyin OH akan saman HWO sun sa ya fi ƙarfin hydrophilic.
An gwada halayen VO2 +/VO2 + na HWO da HWO-C76 nanocomposites kuma ana sa ran cewa HWO zai kawar da juyin halitta na iskar chlorine da ke faruwa a yayin halayen VO2 +/VO2 + a cikin gauraye acid, yayin da C76 zai kara haifar da VO2 +/ VO2+ da ake so.An yi amfani da dakatarwar HWO mai ƙunshe da 10%, 30% da 50% C76 zuwa wayoyin UCC tare da jimlar nauyin 2 mg/cm2.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.6, an yi nazarin motsin motsin VO2 +/VO2+ a kan farfajiyar lantarki ta amfani da CV a cikin gauraye na acidic electrolytes.Ana nuna halin yanzu azaman I/Ipa don sauƙaƙe kwatancen ΔEp da Ipa/Ipc.Daban-daban masu haɓakawa ana samun su kai tsaye daga adadi.Ana nuna bayanan rukunin yanki na yanzu a hoto 2S.A kan fig.Hoto na 6a ya nuna cewa HWO dan kadan yana ƙara yawan canjin lantarki na VO2+/VO2+ redox dauki akan farfajiyar lantarki kuma yana danne martanin juyin halittar chlorine parasitic.Koyaya, C76 yana haɓaka ƙimar canja wurin lantarki da mahimmanci kuma yana haɓaka halayen chlorine.Sabili da haka, hadaddun tare da daidaitaccen abun da ke ciki na HWO da C76 yakamata su sami mafi kyawun aiki da mafi girman ikon hana ƙwayar chlorine.An gano cewa bayan haɓaka abun ciki na C76, aikin lantarki na lantarki ya inganta, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar raguwa a cikin ΔEp da karuwa a cikin tasirin Ipa / Ipc (Table S3).Hakanan an tabbatar da wannan ta ƙimar RCT da aka cire daga makircin Nyquist a cikin siffa 6d (tebur S3), inda aka gano cewa ƙimar RCT ta ragu tare da ƙara abun ciki na C76.Waɗannan sakamakon kuma sun yi daidai da binciken Lee wanda ƙari na mesoporous carbon zuwa mesoporous WO3 ya inganta cajin canja wurin motsi akan VO2+/VO2+35.Wannan yana nuna cewa kyakkyawar amsawa na iya dogaro da ƙari akan tafiyar da wutar lantarki (C=C bond)18,24,35,36,37.Saboda canjin yanayin daidaitawa tsakanin [VO (H2O) 5] 2+ da [VO2 (H2O) 4]+, C76 kuma na iya rage yawan karfin amsawa ta hanyar rage karfin nama.Duk da haka, wannan bazai yiwu ba tare da lantarki na HWO.
(a) Halayen voltammetric na cyclic na UCC da HWO-C76 masu haɗaka tare da HWO daban-daban: rabon C76 a cikin halayen VO2 +/VO2+ a cikin 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl electrolyte (a ν = 5 mV/s).(b) Randles-Sevchik da (c) Hanyar VO2+/VO2+ na Nicholson don ƙididdige ingancin watsawa da samun ƙimar k0 (d).
Ba wai kawai HWO-50% C76 yana nuna kusan aikin electrocatalytic iri ɗaya kamar C76 don amsawar VO2 +/VO2+ ba, amma, mafi ban sha'awa, ya kuma hana haɓakar iskar chlorine idan aka kwatanta da C76, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi.6a, ban da nuna ƙaramin da'ira a cikin fig.6g (ƙananan RCT).C76 ya nuna alamar Ipa / Ipc mafi girma fiye da HWO-50% C76 (Table S3), ba saboda ingantaccen haɓakawa ba, amma saboda haɗuwa tare da raguwar chlorine a 1.2 V idan aka kwatanta da SHE.Mafi kyawun aikin HWO-50% C76 ana danganta shi da haɗin kai tsakanin C76 da aka caje mara kyau da kuma babban wettability da ayyukan catalytic na W-OH akan HWO.Yayin da ƙarancin fitar da sinadarin chlorine zai inganta ƙarfin caji na cikakken tantanin halitta, ingantattun motsin motsi zai ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin tantanin halitta.
Dangane da equation S1, don juzu'i mai jujjuyawa (jinkirin jinkirin canja wurin lantarki) amsawar da aka sarrafa ta hanyar watsawa, mafi girman halin yanzu (IP) ya dogara da adadin electrons (n), yanki na lantarki (A), haɓakar watsawa (D), lamba na hanyoyin canja wurin electrons (α) da saurin dubawa (ν).Don yin nazarin yanayin sarrafawar watsawa na kayan da aka gwada, an tsara dangantakar da ke tsakanin IP da ν1 / 2 kuma an nuna su a cikin siffa 6b.Tun da duk kayan suna nuna alaƙar layi, ana sarrafa amsa ta hanyar watsawa.Tunda amsawar VO2 +/VO2+ ta kasance mai jujjuyawa, gangaren layin ya dogara da ƙimar rarrabawa da ƙimar α (equation S1).Saboda madaidaicin rarrabawa akai-akai (≈ 4 × 10-6 cm2 / s) 52, bambancin layin layi kai tsaye yana nuna dabi'u daban-daban na α kuma saboda haka farashin canja wurin lantarki zuwa saman lantarki, tare da C76 da HWO -50 % C76, yana baje kolin tudu mafi tsayi (mafi girman ƙimar canja wurin lantarki).
Ƙididdigar ƙananan ƙananan matakan Warburg (W) da aka nuna a cikin Table S3 (Fig. 6d) suna da dabi'u kusa da 1 don duk kayan, yana nuna cikakkiyar yaduwa na redox barbashi da kuma tabbatar da halin layi na IP da ν1 / 2 don CV.ma'auni .Don HWO-50% C76, gangaren Warburg ya karkata daga haɗin kai zuwa 1.32, yana ba da gudummawa ba kawai daga ɓarna mara iyaka na masu amsawa ba (VO2 +), har ma da yiwuwar halayen bakin ciki-Layer a cikin halayen watsawa saboda porosity na lantarki.
Don ƙarin nazarin juzu'i (ƙididdigar canja wurin lantarki) na VO2+/VO2+ redox dauki, an kuma yi amfani da hanyar amsawar Nicholson quasi-reversible don ƙayyade daidaitaccen ƙimar ƙimar k041.42.Ana yin wannan ta hanyar ƙirƙira siginar motsi mara ƙarfi Ψ azaman aikin ΔEp azaman aikin ν−1/2 ta amfani da ma'aunin S2.Tebur S4 yana nuna sakamakon Ψ dabi'u don kowane kayan lantarki.Shirya sakamakon (Hoto 6c) don samun k0 × 104 cm/s (an rubuta kusa da kowane jere kuma an gabatar da shi a cikin Tebura S4) ta amfani da ma'auni S3 don gangaren kowane yanki.An samo HWO-50% C76 yana da mafi girman gangara (Fig. 6c) kuma saboda haka mafi girman k0 na 2.47 × 10-4 cm / s.Wannan yana nufin cewa wannan lantarki yana samar da mafi saurin motsin motsi daidai da sakamakon CV da EIS a cikin Figures 6a da d da Table S3.Bugu da ƙari, an kuma samo ƙimar k0 daga makircin Nyquist (Fig. 6d) na Equation S4 ta amfani da ƙimar RCT (Table S3).Waɗannan sakamakon k0 daga EIS an taƙaita su a cikin Tebur S4 kuma suna nuna cewa HWO-50% C76 yana nuna mafi girman ƙimar canja wurin lantarki saboda tasirin haɗin gwiwa.Ko da yake darajar k0 ta bambanta saboda bambancin asalin kowace hanya, har yanzu yana nuna tsari iri ɗaya kuma yana nuna daidaito.
Don cikakken fahimtar kyakkyawar motsin motsin motsin da za a iya samu, yana da mahimmanci a kwatanta mafi kyawun kayan lantarki tare da na'urorin UCC da TCC marasa ƙarfi.Don amsawar VO2 +/VO2 +, HWO-C76 ba wai kawai ya nuna mafi ƙarancin ΔEp da mafi kyawun juzu'i ba, amma kuma ya danne tasirin juyin halittar chlorine na parasitic idan aka kwatanta da TCC, kamar yadda aka nuna ta babban digo na yanzu a 1.45 V idan aka kwatanta da ganin OHA (Fig. 7 a).Dangane da kwanciyar hankali, mun ɗauka cewa HWO-50% C76 yana da kwanciyar hankali ta jiki saboda an haɗe mai haɓakawa tare da mai ɗaure PVDF sannan kuma a yi amfani da na'urorin zane na carbon.Idan aka kwatanta da 50 mV don UCC, HWO-50% C76 ya nuna babban motsi na 44 mV bayan hawan hawan 150 (lalata 0.29 mV / sake zagayowar) (Hoto 7b).Yana iya zama ba babban bambanci ba, amma motsin motsin lantarki na UCC yana da hankali sosai kuma yana raguwa tare da hawan keke, musamman don mayar da martani.Ko da yake jujjuyawar TCC ta fi ta UCC kyau, an gano TCC tana da babban motsi na 73 mV bayan zagayowar 150, wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda yawan adadin chlorine da aka fitar daga samansa.Don tabbatar da cewa mai kara kuzari yana manne da farfajiyar lantarki.Kamar yadda ake iya gani akan duk na'urorin lantarki da aka gwada, hatta waɗanda ba su da masu ba da tallafi suna nuna mabambantan matakan rashin kwanciyar hankali na keken keke, wanda ke nuna cewa canje-canjen rarrabuwar kawuna a lokacin hawan keke na faruwa ne sakamakon kashe kayan aiki saboda sauye-sauyen sinadarai maimakon rarrabuwar kai.Har ila yau, idan za a raba babban adadin abubuwan haɓakawa daga farfajiyar lantarki, wannan zai haifar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin rabuwa (ba kawai ta 44 mV ba), tun da substrate (UCC) ba shi da aiki ga VO2 +/VO2+ redox dauki.
Kwatanta CV (a) da kwanciyar hankali na redox dauki VO2 +/VO2+ (b) na mafi kyawun kayan lantarki dangane da CCC.A cikin electrolyte 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl, duk CVs daidai suke da ν = 5 mV/s.
Don haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziƙin fasaha na VRFB, haɓakawa da fahimtar motsin motsin vanadium redox yana da mahimmanci don samun ingantaccen ƙarfin kuzari.An shirya abubuwan haɗin HWO-C76 kuma an yi nazarin tasirin electrocatalytic akan halayen VO2 +/VO2 +.HWO ya nuna ƙaramin haɓakar motsin motsi amma yana danne juyin halittar chlorine sosai a cikin gaurayewar ƙwayoyin acidic.An yi amfani da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na HWO:C76 don ƙara inganta motsin motsi na tushen HWO.Ƙara abun ciki na C76 zuwa HWO na iya inganta motsin motsi na lantarki na VO2 +/VO2 + amsawa akan lantarki da aka gyara, wanda HWO-50% C76 shine mafi kyawun abu saboda yana rage juriya na canja wurin caji kuma yana kara danne juyin halitta na chlorine idan aka kwatanta da shi. C76.kuma an saki TCC.Wannan ya faru ne saboda tasirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin C = C sp2 haɓakawa, ƙungiyoyin ayyuka na OH da W-OH.An gano raguwar ƙimar HWO-50% C76 don zama 0.29mV / sake zagayowar a ƙarƙashin keken keke da yawa yayin da UCC da TCC sune 0.33mV / sake zagayowar da 0.49mV / sake zagayowar bi da bi, yana mai da shi sosai barga a cikin gauraye acid electrolytes.Sakamakon da aka gabatar ya sami nasarar gano manyan kayan aikin lantarki don amsawar VO2 +/VO2+ tare da saurin motsi da kwanciyar hankali.Wannan zai ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki, ta haka zai inganta ƙarfin wutar lantarki na VRFB, ta yadda za a rage farashin kasuwancinsa na gaba.
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