A cikin ƙarfe, bakin karfe shine ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da aƙalla 10.5% chromium tare da ko ba tare da wasu abubuwan haɗin gwiwa ba kuma matsakaicin 1.2% carbon ta taro.Bakin karfe, wanda kuma aka sani da inox steels ko inox daga inoxydable na Faransa (inoxidizable), sunekarfe gamiwaɗanda aka san su sosai don juriya na lalata, wanda ke ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka abun ciki na chromium.Hakanan ana iya haɓaka juriyar lalata ta hanyar ƙara nickel da molybdenum.Juriya na waɗannan ƙarfe na ƙarfe ga tasirin sinadarai na abubuwan lalata sun dogara ne akan wuce gona da iri.Domin wucewa ya faru kuma ya kasance da ƙarfi, Fe-Cr gami dole ne ya sami ƙaramin abun ciki na chromium na kusan 10.5% ta nauyi, sama da abin wucewa zai iya faruwa kuma ƙasa ba shi yiwuwa.Ana iya amfani da Chromium azaman sinadari mai tauri kuma akai-akai ana amfani da shi tare da wani abu mai ƙarfi kamar nickel don samar da ingantattun kayan inji.

Duplex Bakin Karfe

Kamar yadda sunan su ya nuna, Duplex bakin karfe hade ne na manyan gami iri biyu.Suna da cakuda microstructure na austenite da ferrite, manufar yawanci shine don samar da haɗin 50/50, kodayake, a cikin gami na kasuwanci, rabon na iya zama 40/60.Juriyarsu na lalata yayi kama da takwarorinsu na austenitic, amma juriya-lalata (musamman ga chloride stress lallacewar fatattaka), ƙarfin juriya, da ƙarfin samar da ƙarfi (kusan sau biyu ƙarfin amfanin ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe austenitic) gabaɗaya sun fi na austenitic. maki.A cikin duplex bakin karfe, carbon ana kiyaye shi zuwa ƙananan matakan (C <0.03%).Abubuwan da ke cikin Chromium daga 21.00 zuwa 26.00%, abun ciki na nickel ya bambanta daga 3.50 zuwa 8.00%, kuma waɗannan allunan na iya ƙunsar molybdenum (har zuwa 4.50%).Tauri da ductility gabaɗaya suna faɗuwa tsakanin waɗanda ke austenitic da digiri na ferritic.Duplex maki yawanci ana kasu kashi uku sub-rukuni dangane da lalata juriya: durƙusad da duplex, misali duplex, da superduplex.Superduplex karafa sun inganta ƙarfi da juriya ga kowane nau'i na lalata idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun ƙarfe na austenitic.Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun sun haɗa da aikace-aikacen ruwa, tsire-tsire na petrochemical, tsire-tsire masu bushewa, masu musayar zafi, da masana'antar yin takarda.A yau, masana'antar mai da iskar gas ita ce mafi girman masu amfani da ita kuma ta yunƙura don samun ƙarin maki masu jure lalata, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka karafa na superduplex.

Juriya na bakin karfe ga tasirin sinadarai na masu lalata ya dogara ne akan wucewa.Domin wucewa ya faru kuma ya kasance da ƙarfi, Fe-Cr gami dole ne ya sami ƙaramin abun ciki na chromium na kusan 10.5% ta nauyi, sama da abin wucewa zai iya faruwa kuma ƙasa ba shi yiwuwa.Ana iya amfani da Chromium azaman sinadari mai tauri kuma akai-akai ana amfani da shi tare da wani abu mai ƙarfi kamar nickel don samar da ingantattun kayan inji.

Duplex Bakin Karfe - SAF 2205 - 1.4462

Bakin karfe na gama gari shine SAF 2205 (alamar kasuwanci ce mallakar Sandvik don 22Cr duplex (ferritic-austenitic) bakin karfe), wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi 22% chromium da 5% nickel.Yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata da ƙarfin ƙarfi, 2205 shine mafi yawan amfani da duplex bakin karfe.Aikace-aikacen SAF 2205 suna cikin masana'antu masu zuwa:

• Sufuri, ajiya, da sarrafa sinadarai
• Kayan aikin sarrafawa
• High chloride da marine muhallin
• Binciken mai da iskar gas
• Injin takarda

Abubuwan Bakin Karfe Duplex

Kayayyakin kayan abu sune kaddarori masu ƙarfi, wanda ke nufin sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga adadin taro kuma suna iya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri a cikin tsarin a kowane lokaci.Kimiyyar kayan aiki ta ƙunshi nazarin tsarin kayan da danganta su da kaddarorinsu (na kanikanci, lantarki, da sauransu).Da zarar masanin kimiyar kayan ya san game da wannan tsarin-daidaitawar dukiya, sannan za su iya ci gaba da nazarin aikin dangi na abu a cikin aikace-aikacen da aka bayar.Manyan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da tsarin abu da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da shi su ne abubuwan da ke tattare da shi da kuma yadda aka sarrafa shi zuwa siffarsa ta karshe.

Abubuwan Injiniyan Bakin Karfe Duplex

Ana yawan zaɓar kayan aiki don aikace-aikace daban-daban saboda suna da haɗe-haɗe masu kyau na halayen injina.Don aikace-aikacen tsari, kaddarorin kayan suna da mahimmanci kuma dole ne injiniyoyi suyi la'akari da su.

Ƙarfin Duplex Bakin Karfe

A cikin makanikai na kayan, daƙarfin abuita ce iyawarsa ta jure nauyin da aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da gazawa ko nakasar filastik ba.Ƙarfin kayan yana la'akari da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nauyin waje da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa wani abu da sakamakon lalacewa ko canji a cikin girman kayan.Ƙarfin abu shine ikonsa na jure wa wannan nauyin da aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da gazawa ko nakasar filastik ba.

Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi

Ƙarfin juzu'i na duplex bakin karfe - SAF 2205 shine 620 MPa.

TheƘarfin ƙarfi na ƙarsheshi ne mafi girma a kan aikin injiniyakarkatar da damuwa.Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin matsananciyar damuwa ta hanyar tsari a cikin tashin hankali.Ƙarfin juzu'i sau da yawa ana rage shi zuwa "ƙarfin ƙarfi" ko "ƙararfin."Idan aka yi amfani da wannan damuwa da kiyayewa, za a sami karaya.Sau da yawa, wannan darajar yana da mahimmanci fiye da yawan yawan yawan amfanin ƙasa (kamar kashi 50 zuwa 60 bisa dari fiye da yawan amfanin ƙasa na wasu nau'o'in karafa).Lokacin da ductile abu ya kai ƙarfinsa na ƙarshe, yana fuskantar wuyan wuya inda yanki na yanki ya rage a gida.Matsakaicin matsananciyar damuwa ba ta ƙunshi mafi girman damuwa fiye da ƙarfin ƙarshe.Ko da yake nakasawa na iya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, damuwa yawanci yana raguwa bayan samun ƙarfin ƙarshe.Yana da wani m dukiya;don haka darajarsa ba ta dogara da girman samfurin gwajin ba.Duk da haka, ya dogara da wasu dalilai, kamar shirye-shiryen samfurin, kasancewar ko akasin haka na lahani, da zafin jiki na yanayin gwaji da kayan.Ƙarfin ƙarfi na ƙarshe ya bambanta daga 50 MPa don aluminium zuwa girman 3000 MPa don ƙarfe mai ƙarfi sosai.

Ƙarfin Haɓaka

Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa na duplex bakin karfe - SAF 2205 shine 440 MPa.

Theyawan amfanin ƙasashine batu akan akarkatar da damuwawanda ke nuna iyakacin hali na roba da farkon halayyar filastik.Ƙarfin da aka samu ko yawan amfanin ƙasa shine kaddarorin kayan da aka ayyana azaman damuwa wanda abu zai fara lalacewa ta hanyar filastik.Sabanin haka, ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa shine wurin da lalacewa mara kyau (na roba + filastik) ke farawa.Kafin ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa, kayan za su ɓata da ƙarfi kuma su koma ainihin siffar sa lokacin da aka cire damuwa da aka yi amfani da su.Da zarar abin da aka samu ya wuce, wasu juzu'in nakasar za su kasance na dindindin kuma ba za a iya juyawa ba.Wasu karafa da sauran kayan suna nuna wani hali da ake kira al'amari mai ma'ana.Ƙarfin haɓaka ya bambanta daga 35 MPa don ƙananan ƙarfin aluminum zuwa mafi girma fiye da 1400 MPa don ƙarfin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi.

Modulus na Matasa na Ƙarfafawa

Matsayin matashi na elasticity na duplex bakin karfe - SAF 2205 shine 200 GPa.

Matsalolin samari na elasticityshine ma'auni na roba don juzu'i da damuwa mai matsawa a cikin tsarin daidaitawa na layi na nakasar uniaxial kuma yawanci ana tantance shi ta gwaje-gwajen tensile.Har zuwa iyakance danniya, jiki zai iya dawo da girmansa akan cire kayan.Matsalolin da aka yi amfani da su suna haifar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin crystal don motsawa daga matsayinsu na daidaito, kuma dukzarraan raba su daidai da adadin kuma suna kula da yanayin yanayin su.Lokacin da aka cire damuwa, duk kwayoyin zarra suna komawa zuwa matsayinsu na asali, kuma babu wani nakasu na dindindin da ke faruwa.Bisa lafazinDokar Hooke, Danniya ya yi daidai da nau'in (a cikin yanki na roba), kuma gangara shine modul na matasa.Modular samari yayi daidai da matsananciyar damuwa da aka raba ta da iri.

Taurin Duplex Bakin Karfe

Brinell taurin duplex bakin karfe - SAF 2205 kusan 217 MPa.

A fannin ilimin kimiya,taurinshine ikon jure yanayin shigar da ƙasa (nakasar filastik na gida) da kuma karce.Tauri mai yiwuwa shine mafi ƙarancin siffanta kayan abu saboda yana iya nuna juriya ga karce, ɓarna, ɓarna, ko ma juriya ga siffa ko nakasar filastik.Taurin yana da mahimmanci daga mahangar injiniya saboda juriyar sa ta ko dai gogayya ko yazawa ta tururi, mai, da ruwa gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa da taurin.

Gwajin taurin Brinellyana daya daga cikin gwaje-gwajen taurin ciki da aka samar don gwajin taurin.A cikin gwaje-gwajen Brinell, ana tilastawa mai wuya, mai siffa mai siffa a ƙarƙashin wani takamaiman kaya a cikin saman ƙarfen da za a gwada.Gwajin na yau da kullun yana amfani da diamita 10 mm (0.39 in) ƙwal ɗin ƙarfe mai taurin a matsayin mai shiga tare da ƙarfin 3,000 kgf (29.42 kN; 6,614 lbf).Ana kiyaye kaya akai-akai don ƙayyadadden lokaci (tsakanin 10 da 30 s).Don abubuwa masu laushi, ana amfani da ƙaramin ƙarfi;don ƙarin kayan aiki, ana maye gurbin ƙwallon carbide tungsten don ƙwallon ƙarfe.

Gwajin yana ba da sakamakon lambobi don ƙididdige taurin abu, wanda aka bayyana ta lambar taurin Brinell - HB.Lambar taurin Brinell an tsara ta ta mafi yawan ka'idodin gwajin da ake amfani da su (ASTM E10-14[2] da ISO 6506-1: 2005) azaman HBW (H daga taurin, B daga Brinell, da W daga kayan indenter, tungsten. (wolfram) carbide).A cikin tsoffin ma'auni, an yi amfani da HB ko HBS don yin nuni ga ma'auni da aka yi da ma'aunin ƙarfe.

Lambar taurin Brinell (HB) ita ce nauyin da aka raba ta saman fili na shigarwa.Ana auna diamita na ra'ayi tare da na'urar gani da ido tare da ma'auni mai girma.Ana lissafta lambar taurin Brinell daga lissafin:

Akwai hanyoyin gwaji iri-iri da ake amfani da su (misali, Brinell,Knoop,Vickers, kumaRockwell).Akwai allunan da ke akwai masu daidaita lambobin taurin daga hanyoyin gwaji daban-daban inda aka dace da daidaituwa.A cikin duk ma'auni, babban lambar taurin yana wakiltar ƙarfe mai wuya.

Abubuwan thermal na Duplex Bakin Karfe

Abubuwan thermal na kayan suna nufin martanin kayan don canje-canje a cikin suzafin jikida aikace-aikacenzafi.Kamar yadda m shamakamashia yanayin zafi, zafinsa yana tashi, kuma girmansa yana ƙaruwa.Amma abubuwa daban-daban suna amsawa da aikace-aikacen zafi daban.

Ƙarfin zafi,thermal fadadawa, kumathermal watsingalibi suna da mahimmanci a amfani da daskararru.

Wurin narkewa na Bakin Karfe Duplex

Matsayin narkewa na bakin karfe mai duplex - SAF 2205 karfe yana kusa da 1450 ° C.

Gabaɗaya, narkewa shine canjin lokaci na wani abu daga mai ƙarfi zuwa lokacin ruwa.Thewurin narkewana wani abu shine yanayin zafin da wannan canjin lokaci ke faruwa.Ma'anar narkewa kuma tana bayyana yanayin da ƙarfi da ruwa zasu iya wanzuwa cikin daidaito.

Thermal Conductivity na Duplex Bakin Karfe

Thermal watsin na duplex bakin karfe - SAF 2205 ne 19 W / (m. K).

Halayen canja wurin zafi na ƙaƙƙarfan abu ana auna su ta hanyar dukiya da ake kirathermal watsin, k (ko λ), wanda aka auna a W/mK Yana auna ikon abu don canja wurin zafi ta hanyar abu ta hanyargudanarwa.Lura cewaDokar Fourierya shafi kowane abu, ba tare da la'akari da yanayinsa ba (m, ruwa, ko gas).Saboda haka, an kuma bayyana shi don ruwa da gas.

Thethermal watsinna yawancin ruwaye da daskararru sun bambanta da zafin jiki, kuma ga tururi, ya dogara da matsa lamba.Gabaɗaya:

Yawancin kayan sun yi kama da juna, saboda haka yawanci zamu iya rubuta k = k (T).Irin wannan ma'anar suna da alaƙa da halayen thermal a cikin y- da z-directions (ky, kz), amma don kayan isotropic, ƙaddamarwar thermal yana da zaman kanta daga hanyar canja wuri, kx = ky = kz = k.