321 bakin karfe nada tube sinadaran abun da ke ciki Properties na inji da kuma lalata hali na duplex bakin karfe weld tare da sabon lantarki.

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Bakin Karfe 321 Coil Tube Chemical Composition

Abubuwan sinadaran na 321 bakin karfe nada tubing kamar haka:
Carbon: 0.08% max
Manganese: 2.00% max
- nickel: 9.00% min

Bakin Karfe 321 Coil Tube Mechanical Properties

Dangane da Bakin Karfe 321 Coil Tube Manufacturer, kayan aikin injiniya na bakin karfe 321 na bututun nada an tsara su a ƙasa: Ƙarfin Ƙarfin (psi) Ƙarfin Haɓaka (psi) Tsawaita (%)

Aikace-aikace & Amfani da Bakin Karfe 321 Coil Tube

A cikin aikace-aikacen injiniya da yawa, injiniyoyi da kaddarorin lalata na sifofin welded na bakin karfe (DSS) sune mafi mahimmancin abubuwan.Binciken na yanzu ya binciki kaddarorin inji da juriya na lalata welds na bakin karfe na duplex a cikin yanayin da ke simintin 3.5% NaCl ta amfani da sabuwar na'urar da aka ƙera ta musamman ba tare da ƙarin abubuwan haɗaɗɗun abubuwa zuwa samfuran juzu'i ba.An yi amfani da nau'ikan juzu'i daban-daban guda biyu tare da ainihin ma'anar 2.40 da 0.40 akan lantarki E1 da E2 don walda allunan DSS, bi da bi.An ƙididdige kwanciyar hankali na thermal abubuwan haɗin gwal ta amfani da nazarin thermogravimetric.An kimanta abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai gami da injina da kaddarorin lalata mahaɗan da aka yi wa walda ta amfani da sinadarai masu fitarwa daidai da ka'idojin ASTM daban-daban.Ana amfani da ɓarna na X-ray don tantance matakan da ke cikin welds na DSS, kuma ana amfani da sikanin lantarki tare da EDS don bincika ƙananan ƙirar walda.Ƙarfin jujjuyawar welded ɗin da aka yi ta hanyar lantarki na E1 ya kasance tsakanin 715-732 MPa, ta E2 lantarki – 606-687 MPa.An ƙara ƙarfin walda daga 90 A zuwa 110 A, kuma an ƙara taurin.welded gidajen abinci tare da E1 lantarki rufi tare da asali fluxes suna da ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya.Tsarin karfe yana da juriya mai girma a cikin yanayin 3.5% NaCl.Wannan yana tabbatar da aikin haɗin gwiwar welded da aka yi da sabbin na'urorin lantarki.Ana tattauna sakamakon da aka samu dangane da raguwar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa irin su Cr da Mo da aka lura a cikin walda tare da ruɓaɓɓen lantarki E1 da E2, da kuma sakin Cr2N a cikin walda da aka yi ta amfani da lantarki E1 da E2.
A tarihi, farkon ambaton Bakin Karfe (DSS) na farko ya samo asali ne tun 1927, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don wasu simintin gyare-gyare kawai kuma ba a yi amfani da shi a yawancin aikace-aikacen fasaha ba saboda yawan abubuwan da ke cikin carbon1.Amma daga baya, daidaitaccen abun ciki na carbon ya ragu zuwa matsakaicin darajar 0.03%, kuma waɗannan karafa sun zama masu amfani da yawa a fannoni daban-daban2,3.DSS iyali ne na gami da kusan daidai adadin ferrite da austenite.Bincike ya nuna cewa lokacin ferritic a cikin DSS yana ba da kyakkyawan kariya daga chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC), wanda ya kasance muhimmiyar batu ga austenitic bakin karfe (ASS) a cikin karni na 20.A gefe guda, a wasu injiniyoyi da sauran masana'antu4 buƙatun ajiya yana haɓaka a cikin adadin har zuwa 20% a kowace shekara.Wannan sabon ƙarfe tare da tsarin austenitic-ferritic mai kashi biyu ana iya samun shi ta zaɓin abun da ya dace, sinadarai ta jiki da kuma tacewar thermomechanical.Idan aka kwatanta da bakin karfe na lokaci-lokaci, DSS yana da ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa da ƙarfin da zai iya jure wa SCC5, 6, 7, 8. Tsarin duplex yana ba wa waɗannan karafan ƙarfin da ba a iya jurewa ba, ƙarfi da haɓaka juriya na lalata a cikin yanayi masu haɗari masu ɗauke da acid, acid chlorides, ruwan teku da sinadarai masu lalata9.Sakamakon hauhawar farashin alluran nickel (Ni) na shekara-shekara a kasuwannin gabaɗaya, tsarin DSS, musamman ƙananan nau'in nickel (lean DSS), ya sami nasarori da yawa idan aka kwatanta da face centered cubic (FCC) iron10, 11. Babban Matsalar ƙirar ASE ita ce ta hanyar fuskantar yanayi daban-daban.Saboda haka, sassa daban-daban na injiniya da kamfanoni suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka madadin ƙananan ƙananan nickel (Ni) bakin karfe waɗanda ke aiki da kyau ko mafi kyau fiye da ASS na gargajiya tare da dacewa da weldability kuma ana amfani da su a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu irin su masu musayar zafi na ruwa da kuma masana'antar sinadarai.akwati 13 don mahalli tare da babban taro na chlorides.
A ci gaban fasaha na zamani, samar da walda yana taka muhimmiyar rawa.Yawanci, membobin tsarin DSS suna haɗawa da walda mai kariya ta gas ko waldawar baka.Abun da ke tattare da lantarkin da ake amfani da shi don waldawa ya fi shafar walda.Na'urorin walda sun ƙunshi sassa biyu: ƙarfe da juzu'i.Mafi sau da yawa, na'urorin lantarki suna lullube da juzu'i, cakuda karafa waɗanda idan sun lalace, suna fitar da iskar gas kuma su samar da shinge mai kariya don kare walda daga gurɓata, ƙara kwanciyar hankali na baka, da kuma ƙara wani ɓangaren alloying don inganta ingancin walda14 .Simintin ƙarfe, aluminum, bakin karfe, ƙaramin ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, jan ƙarfe, tagulla, da tagulla wasu ƙarfe ne na walda, yayin da cellulose, foda na baƙin ƙarfe, da hydrogen wasu kayan juzu'i ne da ake amfani da su.Wani lokaci ana ƙara sodium, titanium da potassium a cikin cakudawar ruwa.
Wasu masu bincike sun yi ƙoƙari su yi nazarin tasirin daidaitawar lantarki a kan ingantattun injina da lalata na sifofin ƙarfe da aka welded.Singh et al.15 yayi bincike akan tasirin juzu'i akan tsayin daka da ƙarfi na walda wanda aka welding ta hanyar waldawar baka.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa CaF2 da NiO sune manyan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da ƙarfin ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da kasancewar FeMn.Chirag et al.16 sun binciki mahadi na SMAW ta hanyar sãɓã wa jũna na rutile (TiO2) a cikin wani electrode juzu'i cakuda.An gano cewa kaddarorin microhardness sun karu saboda karuwa a cikin kashi da ƙaura na carbon da silicon.Kumar [17] ya yi nazarin ƙira da haɓaka haɓakar ɗimbin ruwa don waldawar baka na ƙarfe.Nwigbo da Atuanya18 sun binciki yadda ake amfani da ma'adinan silicate na potassium-potassium don samar da ƙwanƙolin walda na arc kuma sun sami walda mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na 430 MPa da tsarin hatsi mai karɓa.Lothongkum et al.19 sun yi amfani da hanyar potentiokinetic don nazarin ƙananan juzu'i na austenite a cikin duplex bakin karfe 28Cr-7Ni-O-0.34N a cikin wani bayani na NaCl mai cike da iska a maida hankali na 3.5% wt.karkashin pH yanayi.da kuma 27 ° C.Dukansu duplex da micro duplex bakin karfe suna nuna irin tasirin nitrogen akan halayen lalata.Nitrogen bai shafi yuwuwar lalata ba ko ƙima a pH 7 da 10, duk da haka, yuwuwar lalata a pH 10 ya kasance ƙasa da pH 7. A gefe guda, a duk matakan pH da aka yi nazari, yuwuwar ta fara haɓaka tare da haɓaka abun ciki na nitrogen. .Lacerda et al.20 sun yi nazarin rami na baƙin ƙarfe na duplex UNS S31803 da UNS S32304 a cikin 3.5% NaCl bayani ta amfani da cyclic potentiodynamic polarization.A cikin bayani na 3.5 wt.% na NaCl, an sami alamun rami akan faranti biyu da aka bincika.UNS S31803 karfe yana da mafi girma lalata yuwuwar (Ecorr), pitting yuwuwar (Epit) da polarization juriya (Rp) fiye da UNS S32304 karfe.UNS S31803 karfe yana da mafi girma repassivity fiye da UNS S32304 karfe.A cewar wani binciken da Jiang et al.[21], kololuwar sake kunnawa daidai da kashi biyu (austenite da ferrite lokaci) na bakin karfe duplex ya ƙunshi har zuwa 65% na abun da ke ciki na ferrite, kuma yawan sake kunnawa ferrite na yanzu yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka lokacin jiyya na zafi.Sanannen abu ne cewa matakan austenitic da ferritic suna nuna halayen electrochemical daban-daban a ma'auni daban-daban na electrochemical21,22,23,24.Abdo et al.25 sunyi amfani da ma'auni mai mahimmanci na polarization spectroscopy da electrochemical impedance spectroscopy don nazarin lalatawar electrochemically na laser-welded 2205 DSS alloy a cikin ruwa na wucin gadi (3.5% NaCl) a ƙarƙashin yanayi na bambancin acidity da alkalinity.An ga lalatar rami a saman da aka fallasa samfuran DSS da aka gwada.Dangane da waɗannan binciken, an tabbatar da cewa akwai alaƙa tsakanin pH na narkar da matsakaicin matsakaici da juriya na fim ɗin da aka kafa yayin aiwatar da cajin caji, wanda kai tsaye yana shafar samuwar rami da ƙayyadaddun sa.Manufar wannan binciken shine don fahimtar yadda sabon haɓakaccen ƙirar lantarki na walda ke shafar ingantacciyar injiniyoyi da juriya na welded DSS 2205 a cikin yanayin 3.5% NaCl.
Ma'adinan juye-juye (kayan aikin) da aka yi amfani da su a cikin abubuwan da aka shafa na lantarki sune Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) daga gundumar Obajana, Jihar Kogi, Najeriya, Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) daga Jihar Taraba, Nigeria, Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), Talc Powder (Mg3Si4O10 (OH) ) )2) da rutile (TiO2) an samo su ne daga Jos, Nigeria, kuma an samu kaolin (Al2(OH)4Si2O5) daga Kankara, Jihar Katsina, Najeriya.Potassium silicate ana amfani dashi azaman ɗaure, an samo shi daga Indiya.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebu 1, an auna ma'aunin oxides da kansa akan ma'auni na dijital.Sa'an nan kuma aka haxa shi da potassium silicate binder (23% by nauyi) a cikin lantarki mahautsini (samfurin: 641-048) daga Indian Karfe da Wire Products Ltd. (ISWP) na 30 minutes don samun kama Semi-m manna.Ruwan da aka haɗe da rigar ana matse shi a cikin siffa mai cylindrical daga na'urar briquetting kuma an ciyar da shi cikin ɗakin extrusion a matsa lamba na 80 zuwa 100 kg / cm2, kuma daga ɗakin ciyarwar waya ana ciyar da shi cikin diamita 3.15mm mara waya extruder.Ana ciyar da jujjuyawar ta hanyar bututun ƙarfe/mutuwa da kuma allura a cikin fiɗa don fitar da na'urorin lantarki.An sami ma'aunin ɗaukar hoto na 1.70 mm, inda aka bayyana ma'aunin ɗaukar hoto azaman ƙimar diamita na lantarki zuwa diamita na madaidaicin.Sa'an nan kuma an bushe na'urorin lantarki masu rufi a cikin iska na tsawon sa'o'i 24 sannan a sanya su a cikin tanderun murfi (samfurin PH-248-0571/5448) a 150-250 ° C \ (- \) na 2 hours.Yi amfani da ma'auni don lissafin alkalinity na kwarara.(1) 26;
An ƙaddara kwanciyar hankali na thermal na samfuran juyi na abubuwan haɗin E1 da E2 ta amfani da ƙididdigar thermogravimetric (TGA).An ɗora samfurin kusan 25.33 MG na juyi cikin TGA don bincike.An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin da aka samu ta hanyar ci gaba da gudana na N2 a cikin adadin 60 ml / min.An ɗora samfurin daga 30 ° C zuwa 1000 ° C a yanayin zafi na 10 ° C / min.Biye da hanyoyin da Wang et al.27, Xu et al.28 da Dagwa et al.29 suka ambata, an kimanta lalatawar thermal da asarar nauyi na samfurori a wasu yanayin zafi daga filayen TGA.
Yi faranti biyu x 60 x 6 mm DSS don shirya don siyarwa.An tsara V-groove tare da ratar tushen 3mm, ramin tushen 2mm da kusurwar tsagi na 60 °.Sannan an wanke farantin tare da acetone don cire gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu.Weld da faranti ta amfani da garkuwar ƙarfe arc walda (SMAW) tare da kai tsaye halin yanzu electrode tabbatacce polarity (DCEP) ta yin amfani da rufin lantarki (E1 da E2) da kuma tunani electrode (C) tare da diamita na 3.15 mm.An yi amfani da Mashin ɗin Fitar da Wutar Lantarki (EDM) (Model: Excetek-V400) don injin welded samfuran ƙarfe don gwajin injina da halayen lalata.Tebur na 2 yana nuna lambar misali da bayanin, kuma Table 3 yana nuna sigogin aikin walda iri-iri da ake amfani da su don walda hukumar DSS.Ana amfani da ma'auni (2) don ƙididdige shigar da zafi daidai.
Amfani da Bruker Q8 MAGELLAN Optical emission spectrometer (OES) tare da tsawon 110 zuwa 800 nm da software na SQL, an ƙaddara nau'in sinadarai na haɗin haɗin walda na lantarki E1, E2 da C, da kuma samfurori na ƙananan ƙarfe.yana amfani da tazarar da ke tsakanin lantarki da samfurin ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin gwaji Yana Samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar walƙiya.Samfurin abubuwan da aka gyara ana turɓaya kuma ana fesa, sannan a bi da su ta atomatik, wanda daga baya ya fitar da takamaiman layin spectrum31.Don ƙididdige ƙididdiga na samfurin, bututun photomultiplier yana auna kasancewar keɓaɓɓen bakan don kowane nau'i, da kuma ƙarfin bakan.Sannan yi amfani da ma'auni don ƙididdige lambar juriya daidai gwargwado (PREN).(3) Ratio 32 da zane na WRC 1992 ana amfani da su don ƙididdige ma'aunin chromium da nickel (Creq da Nieq) daga ma'auni.(4) da (5) su ne 33 da 34 bi da bi;
Lura cewa PREN kawai yana la'akari da tasiri mai kyau na manyan abubuwa uku Cr, Mo da N, yayin da nitrogen factor x yana cikin kewayon 16-30.Yawanci, an zaɓi x daga jerin 16, 20, ko 30. A cikin bincike kan nau'ikan bakin karfe na duplex, matsakaicin darajar 20 ana amfani da shi don ƙididdige ƙimar PREN35,36.
Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin lantarki daban-daban an gwada tensile akan na'urar gwaji ta duniya (Instron 8800 UTM) akan ƙimar 0.5 mm/min daidai da ASTM E8-21.Ƙarfin ƙarfi (UTS), 0.2% ƙarfin samar da ƙarfi (YS), da haɓakawa an ƙididdige su bisa ga ASTM E8-2137.
DSS 2205 weldments an fara ƙasa kuma an goge su ta amfani da nau'i daban-daban (120, 220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000 da 1200) kafin nazarin taurin.An yi samfuran welded tare da lantarki E1, E2 da C. Ana auna taurin a maki goma (10) daga tsakiyar walda zuwa ƙarfe na tushe tare da tazara na 1 mm.
X-ray diffractometer (D8 Discover, Bruker, Jamus) da aka saita tare da Bruker XRD Kwamandan software don tattara bayanai da Fe-filtered Cu-K-radiation tare da makamashi na 8.04 keV wanda ya dace da tsayin 1.5406 Å da ƙimar dubawa na 3 ° Kewayon Scan (2θ) min-1 shine 38 zuwa 103 ° don nazarin lokaci tare da E1, E2 da C da kuma na'urorin lantarki na BM waɗanda ke cikin welds na DSS.An yi amfani da hanyar gyare-gyaren Rietveld don bayyani nau'i-nau'i ta amfani da software na MAUD da Lutterotti39 ya kwatanta.Dangane da ASTM E1245-03, an gudanar da ƙididdige ƙididdiga na metallographic na ƙananan hotuna na mahaɗin walda na lantarki E1, E2 da C ta amfani da software na Hoto J40.Sakamakon ƙididdige juzu'in juzu'in juzu'in ferrite-austenitic, matsakaicin ƙimar su da karkacewa an ba da su a cikin Tebur.5. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin samfurin samfurin a cikin fig.6d, an gudanar da bincike na microscopy (OM) akan PM da welded gidajen abinci tare da lantarki E1 da E2 don nazarin ilimin halittar jiki na samfurori.An goge samfuran da 120, 220, 320, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, da 2000 grit silicon carbide (SiC) sandpaper.Samfuran an kwafa su ta hanyar lantarki a cikin maganin oxalic acid na 10% mai ruwa a cikin ɗaki a zafin jiki na 5 V na 10 s kuma an sanya su a kan ma'aunin gani na LEICA DM 2500 M don siffanta yanayin halitta.An yi ƙarin goge samfurin ta amfani da takarda 2500 grit silicon carbide (SiC) don nazarin SEM-BSE.Bugu da kari, an yi nazarin gidajen da aka yi wa welded don samar da microstructure ta hanyar amfani da ultra high resolution field emission scanning microscope (SEM) (FEI NOVA NANOSEM 430, USA) sanye da na'urar EMF.An yi amfani da samfurin 20 × 10 × 6 mm ta hanyar amfani da nau'i-nau'i na SiC sandpapers masu girma daga 120 zuwa 2500. An yi amfani da samfurori na lantarki a cikin 40 g na NaOH da 100 ml na ruwa mai tsabta a wutar lantarki na 5 V na 15 s, sa'an nan kuma ɗora akan mariƙin samfurin , wanda yake a cikin ɗakin SEM, don nazarin samfurori bayan tsaftace ɗakin tare da nitrogen.Wutar lantarki da aka yi ta hanyar filament tungsten mai zafi yana haifar da grating akan samfurin don samar da hotuna a ma'auni daban-daban, kuma an sami sakamakon EMF ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin Roche et al.41 da Mokobi 42 .
An yi amfani da hanyar polarization mai ƙarfi ta lantarki bisa ga ASTM G59-9743 da ASTM G5-1444 don kimanta yuwuwar lalatar faranti na DSS 2205 waɗanda aka welded tare da E1, E2 da C a cikin yanayin 3.5% NaCl.An yi gwaje-gwajen lantarki ta amfani da na'urar Potentiostat-Galvanostat/ZRA mai sarrafa kwamfuta (samfurin: PC4/750, Gamry Instruments, Amurka).An gudanar da gwajin sinadarai na lantarki akan saitin gwajin lantarki guda uku: DSS 2205 a matsayin lantarki mai aiki, madaidaicin lantarki na calomel (SCE) azaman na'urar bincike da sandar graphite azaman counter electrode.An gudanar da ma'auni ta amfani da kwayar halitta ta electrochemical, wanda yankin aikin maganin shine yanki na lantarki mai aiki 0.78 cm2.An yi ma'auni tsakanin -1.0 V zuwa +1.6 V mai yuwuwar akan OCP da aka riga aka daidaita (dangane da OCP) a ƙimar sikanin 1.0 mV/s.
Electrochemical pitting gwajin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci an gudanar da shi a cikin 3.5% NaCl don kimanta juriyar ramukan walda da aka yi tare da E1, E2, da C electrodes.a fili a kan yuwuwar rami a cikin PB (tsakanin yankuna masu wucewa da masu wucewa), da samfuran welded tare da E1, E2, Electrodes C. Don haka, ana yin ma'aunin CPT don tantance ƙimar yuwuwar walda.An gudanar da gwajin CPT daidai da rahotannin bakin karfe 45 da kuma ASTM G150-1846.Daga kowane karfe da za a welded (S-110A, E1-110A, E2-90A), samfurori tare da yanki na 1 cm2 an yanke, ciki har da tushe, weld, da yankunan HAZ.An goge samfuran ta amfani da takarda yashi da 1 µm alumina foda slurry daidai da daidaitattun hanyoyin shirye-shiryen samfurin ƙarfe.Bayan gogewa, samfuran an tsabtace su ta ultrasonically a cikin acetone na 2 min.An ƙara maganin gwajin 3.5% NaCl a cikin kwayar gwajin CPT kuma an daidaita zafin farko zuwa 25 ° C ta amfani da ma'aunin zafi (Neslab RTE-111).Bayan kai ga zafin gwajin farko na 25 ° C, an hura iskar Ar gas na 15 min, sannan an sanya samfuran a cikin tantanin halitta, kuma an auna OCF na 15 min.Sannan samfurin ya zama polarized ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na 0.3 V a farkon zafin jiki na 25 ° C, kuma an auna halin yanzu don 10 min45.Fara dumama maganin a cikin adadin 1 °C/min zuwa 50 °C.A lokacin dumama maganin gwajin, ana amfani da firikwensin zafin jiki don ci gaba da lura da yanayin zafin bayani da adana lokaci da bayanan zafin jiki, kuma ana amfani da potentiostat / galvanostat don auna halin yanzu.An yi amfani da na'urar graphite azaman na'urar lantarki, kuma an auna duk abubuwan da suka dace dangane da lataronin tunani na Ag/AgCl.An yi aikin wankewar Argon a duk lokacin gwajin.
A kan fig.1 yana nuna abun da ke ciki (a cikin kashi mai nauyi) na sassan juyi F1 da F2 da aka yi amfani da su don samar da lantarki (E1) da acidic (E2), bi da bi.Ana amfani da fihirisar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin injiniya da ƙarfe na haɗin gwiwar welded.F1 shine bangaren juzu'in da ake amfani da shi wajen shafawa na'urorin lantarki na E1, wanda ake kira alkaline flux domin asalinsa shine> 1.2 (watau 2.40), kuma F2 shine magudanar ruwa da ake amfani da shi wajen shafawa E2 electrodes, wanda ake kira acid flux saboda asalinsa. index <0.9 (watau 2.40).0.40).A bayyane yake cewa na'urorin lantarki masu rufaffiyar ruwa na asali a mafi yawan lokuta suna da ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya fiye da na'urorin da aka lullube da ruwan acidic.Wannan yanayin aiki ne na rinjayen oxide na asali a cikin tsarin haɗin gwal don lantarki E1.Akasin haka, cirewar slag (rabuwa) da ƙananan spatter da aka lura a cikin gidajen da aka haɗa tare da na'urorin lantarki na E2 sune halayen lantarki tare da murfin juzu'i na acidic tare da babban abun ciki na rutile.Wannan abin lura ya yi daidai da binciken na Gill47 cewa tasirin rutile abun ciki akan rarrabuwar kawuna da ƙarancin ɗimbin raƙuman ruwa mai ruf da ruwa yana ba da gudummawa ga daskarewa da sauri.An yi amfani da Kaolin a cikin tsarin jujjuyawar da aka yi amfani da shi don suturar lantarki E1 da E2 a matsayin mai mai, kuma talc foda ya inganta extrudability na lantarki.Potassium silicate binders a cikin tsarin juyi suna ba da gudummawa ga ingantacciyar kunna wuta da kwanciyar hankali, kuma, ban da abubuwan manne su, suna haɓaka rarrabuwar slag a cikin samfuran welded.Tun da CaCO3 shine mai karya net (mai karya shinge) a cikin juzu'i kuma yana kula da samar da hayaki mai yawa a lokacin waldi saboda lalatawar thermal cikin CaO da kusan 44% CO2, TiO2 (a matsayin mai ginin gidan yanar gizo / slag tsohon) yana taimakawa wajen rage adadin. na hayaki a lokacin walda .walda kuma don haka inganta slag detachability kamar yadda shawarar Jing et al.48.Fluorine Flux (CaF2) ƙwanƙwasa ce ta sinadari mai ƙarfi wanda ke inganta tsaftar saida.Jastrzębska et al.49 ya ba da rahoton tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarin fluoride na wannan juzu'i akan abubuwan tsabtace walda.Yawanci, ana ƙara juzu'i zuwa yankin walda don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali, ƙara abubuwa masu haɗawa, haɓaka slag, haɓaka yawan aiki, da haɓaka ingancin tafkin walda 50.
TGA-DTG masu lankwasa da aka nuna a cikin Fig.2a da 2b suna nuna asarar nauyi mai matakai uku akan dumama a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 30-1000 ° C a cikin yanayi na nitrogen.Sakamako a cikin Figures 2a da b sun nuna cewa ga asali da samfuran ruwa na acidic, madaidaicin TGA yana faɗuwa kai tsaye har sai ya zama daidai da axis zafin jiki, a kusa da 866.49°C da 849.10°C bi da bi.Rashin nauyi na 1.30% da 0.81% a farkon magudanar TGA a cikin siffa 2a da 2b yana faruwa ne saboda danshi da abubuwan da ke jujjuyawa, da kuma fitar da ruwa da bushewar danshi.Babban bazuwar samfuran babban motsi a matakai na biyu da na uku a cikin fig.2a ya faru a cikin kewayon zafin jiki 619.45°C-766.36°C da 766.36°C–866.49°C, kuma yawan asarar nauyinsu shine 2.84 da 9.48%., bi da bi.Duk da yake ga samfurori masu jujjuya acidic a cikin siffa 7b, waɗanda ke cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 665.23 ° C-745.37 ° C da 745.37 ° C-849.10 ° C, asarar yawan nauyin su shine 0.81 da 6.73%, bi da bi, wanda aka danganta ga thermal bazuwar.Tunda abubuwan da ke jujjuyawa ba su da inorganic, masu canzawa suna iyakancewa ga cakudawar juzu'i.Saboda haka, raguwa da oxidation suna da muni.Wannan ya yi daidai da sakamakon Balogun et al.51, Kamli et al.52 da Adeleke et al.53.Jimillar asarar yawan adadin samfurin juyi da aka lura a cikin fig.2a da 2b shine 13.26% da 8.43%, bi da bi.Ƙananan asarar samfuran juyi a cikin fig.2b ya kasance saboda manyan wuraren narkewa na TiO2 da SiO2 (1843 da 1710 ° C bi da bi) a matsayin manyan oxides waɗanda ke yin juzu'i mai jujjuyawa54,55, yayin da TiO2 da SiO2 suna da ƙananan abubuwan narkewa.Matsayin narkewa Babban oxide: CaCO3 (825 ° C) a cikin samfurin juyi a cikin fig.2 a56.Wadannan canje-canje a cikin ma'anar narkewa na oxides na farko a cikin gaurayawan juzu'i an ruwaito su da kyau ta Shi et al.54, Ringdalen et al.55 da Du et al.56.Lura da ci gaba da asarar nauyi a cikin siffa 2a da 2b, ana iya ƙaddamar da cewa samfuran juzu'in da aka yi amfani da su a cikin suturar lantarki na E1 da E2 suna fuskantar bazuwar mataki ɗaya, kamar yadda Brown57 ya nuna.Za'a iya ganin kewayon zafin tsarin daga madaidaitan lanƙwasa (wt%) a cikin fig.2 a da b.Tun da madaidaicin TGA ba zai iya kwatanta takamaiman zafin jiki wanda tsarin juyi ke fuskantar canjin lokaci da crystallization ba, ana amfani da abin da aka samu na TGA don tantance ainihin ƙimar zafin kowane yanayi (canjin lokaci) azaman kololuwar endothermic don shirya tsarin juyi.
TGA-DTG masu lankwasa suna nuna bazuwar thermal na (a) juzu'in alkaline don murfin lantarki na E1 da (b) juzu'in acidic don murfin lantarki na E2.
Shafin 4 yana nuna sakamakon binciken spectrophotometric da SEM-EDS bincike na DSS 2205 tushe karfe da welds sanya ta amfani da E1, E2 da C electrodes.E1 da E2 sun nuna cewa abun ciki na chromium (Cr) ya ragu sosai zuwa 18.94 da 17.04%, kuma abun ciki na molybdenum (Mo) ya kasance 0.06 da 0.08%, bi da bi.dabi'u na welds tare da lantarki E1 da E2 sun kasance ƙananan.Wannan ya ɗan yi daidai da ƙimar PREN da aka ƙididdige don lokacin ferritic-austenitic daga nazarin SEM-EDS.Saboda haka, ana iya ganin cewa pitting fara a mataki tare da low PREN dabi'u (welds daga E1 da E2), m kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Table 4. Wannan shi ne nuni da depletion da yiwuwar hazo na gami a cikin weld.Bayan haka, an nuna raguwar abun ciki na Cr da Mo alloying abubuwan a cikin walda waɗanda aka samar ta amfani da lantarki E1 da E2 da ƙananan ƙimar daidaitattun ƙimar su (PREN) a cikin Tebu 4, wanda ke haifar da matsala don kiyaye juriya a cikin yanayi masu tayar da hankali, musamman. a cikin mahallin chloride.-dauke da yanayi.In mun gwada da high nickel (Ni) abun ciki na 11.14% da kuma halatta iyaka na manganese abun ciki a cikin welded gidajen abinci na E1 da E2 electrodes na iya samun tasiri mai kyau a kan inji Properties na weldments amfani da yanayin simulating ruwan teku (Fig. 3). ).An yi amfani da aikin Yuan da Oy58 da Jing et al.48 kan tasirin manyan abubuwan nickel da manganese akan inganta ingantattun kayan aikin welded na DSS a cikin matsanancin yanayin aiki.
Sakamakon gwajin tensile na (a) UTS da 0.2% sag YS da (b) uniform da cikakken elongation da daidaitattun sabani.
Ƙarfin kaddarorin kayan tushe (BM) da welded gidajen abinci da aka yi daga na'urori masu haɓakawa (E1 da E2) da kuma na'urar lantarki ta kasuwanci (C) an kimanta su a igiyoyin walda daban-daban na 90 A da 110 A. 3 (a) da (b) nuna UTS, YS tare da 0.2% biya diyya, tare da tsayin su da daidaitattun bayanan karkacewa.Sakamakon UTS da YS na 0.2% da aka samu daga Figs.3a nuna mafi kyawun dabi'u don samfurin no.1 (BM), samfurin no.3 (weld E1), samfurin no.5 (weld E2) da samfurin no.6 (welds tare da C) sune 878 da 616 MPa, 732 da 497 MPa, 687 da 461 MPa da 769 da 549 MPa, bi da bi, da daidaitattun ma'auni.Daga fig.110 A) samfurori ne masu lamba 1, 2, 3, 6 da 7, bi da bi, tare da mafi ƙarancin abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar juzu'i fiye da 450 MPa a gwajin tensile da 620 MPa a gwajin tensile da Grocki32 ya gabatar.The elongation na waldi samfurori da electrodes E1, E2 da kuma C, wakilta samfurin No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 da No. 7, a waldi igiyoyin na 90 A da 110 A. bi da bi, yana nuna filastik da gaskiya.dangantaka da tushe karafa.An bayyana ƙananan elongation ta hanyar lahani mai yuwuwar walda ko abun da ke tattare da jigilar lantarki (Fig. 3b).Ana iya ƙarasa da cewa BM duplex bakin karfe da welded gidajen abinci tare da E1, E2 da C electrodes a general suna da muhimmanci mafi girma tensile Properties saboda da in mun gwada high nickel abun ciki (Table 4), amma wannan dukiya da aka lura a welded gidajen abinci.Ana samun ƙarancin tasiri E2 daga tsarin acidic na juzu'i.Gunn59 ya nuna tasirin nickel alloys akan haɓaka kayan aikin injiniya na haɗin gwiwar welded da sarrafa ma'auni na lokaci da rarraba abubuwa.Wannan ya sake tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa na'urorin lantarki da aka yi daga ainihin abubuwan haɗin gwal suna da ingantattun kaddarorin inji fiye da na'urorin lantarki waɗanda aka yi daga gaurayawan ruwan acidic, kamar yadda Bang et al.60 suka nuna.Don haka, an ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ilimin da ake da shi game da kaddarorin haɗin gwiwa na welded na sabon mai rufin lantarki (E1) tare da kyawawan kayan haɓaka.
A kan fig.Figures 4a da 4b nuna Vickers microhardness halaye na gwaji samfurori na welded gidajen abinci na lantarki E1, E2 da C. 4a nuna taurin sakamakon samu daga daya shugabanci na samfurin (daga WZ zuwa BM), kuma a cikin fig.4b yana nuna sakamakon taurin da aka samu a bangarorin biyu na samfurin.A taurin dabi'u samu a lokacin waldi na samfurori No. 2, 3, 4 da kuma 5, waxanda suke welded gidajen abinci da lantarki E1 da E2, na iya zama saboda m-grained tsarin a lokacin solidification a waldi hawan keke.An lura da karuwa mai ƙarfi a cikin taurin duka a cikin HAZ mai laushi da kuma a cikin HAZ mai kyau na duk samfurori No. weld a sakamakon samfuran chromium-weld suna da wadatar hayaki (Cr23C6).Idan aka kwatanta da sauran waldi samfurori 2, 3, 4 da kuma 5, da taurin dabi'u na welded gidajen abinci na samfurori No. 6 da 7 a cikin Fig.4a da 4b a sama (Table 2).A cewar Mohammed et al.61 da Nowacki da Lukoje62, wannan na iya kasancewa saboda ƙimar ferrite δ mai girma da kuma haifar da damuwa a cikin walda, da kuma raguwar abubuwan haɗakarwa kamar Mo da Cr a cikin walda.Ƙimar taurin duk samfuran gwaji da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin yankin BM suna da daidaito.Halin da aka yi a cikin sakamakon nazarin taurin samfuran welded ya yi daidai da ƙarshen wasu masu bincike61,63,64.
Ƙimar taurin gaɓoɓin welded na samfuran DSS (a) rabin sashe na samfuran welded da (b) cikakken sashe na haɗin gwiwa.
An samo nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban da ke cikin welded DSS 2205 tare da E1, E2 da C electrodes kuma an nuna nau'in XRD don kusurwar diffraction 2 \ (\ theta \) a cikin Fig. 5. Kololuwar austenite (\(\gamma \) ) da ferrite (\(\alpha \)) matakai an gano su a kusurwoyin diffraction na 43° da 44°, a ƙarshe suna tabbatar da cewa abun da ke cikin walda shine nau'i biyu na bakin karfe 65.cewa DSS BM na nuna kawai austenitic (\(\gamma \)) da ferritic (\(\alpha \)) matakai, yana mai tabbatar da sakamakon microstructural da aka gabatar a cikin Figures 1 da 2. 6c, 7c da 9c.The ferritic (\(\alpha \)) lokaci da aka gani tare da DSS BM da kuma babban kololuwa a cikin weld zuwa electrode C ne na nuni da ta lalata juriya, tun da wannan lokaci yana nufin ƙara lalata juriya na karfe, kamar yadda Davison da Redmond66 da. An bayyana , kasancewar ferrite abubuwa masu daidaitawa, irin su Cr da Mo, yadda ya kamata ya daidaita fim ɗin kayan aiki a cikin mahalli mai ɗauke da chloride.Tebu na 5 yana nuna lokaci na ferrite-austenitic ta hanyar ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga.Matsakaicin juzu'in juzu'in juzu'in ferrite-austenitic a cikin welded gidajen wutan lantarki C ana samun kusan (≈1:1).Ƙananan ferrite (\ (\ alpha \)) abun da ke ciki na weldments ta amfani da E1 da E2 electrodes a cikin sakamakon juzu'i na juzu'i (Table 5) yana nuna yiwuwar haɓakar yanayi mai lalacewa, wanda aka tabbatar ta hanyar bincike na electrochemical.tabbatar da (Fig. 10a,b)), tun lokacin da ferrite lokaci yana ba da karfi da kariya daga chloride-induced stress corrosion crack.An ƙara tabbatar da wannan ta ƙananan ƙimar taurin da aka lura a cikin welds na lantarki E1 da E2 a cikin fig.4a,b, wanda aka haifar da ƙananan rabo na ferrite a cikin tsarin karfe (Table 5).Kasancewar austenitic mara daidaituwa (\(\gamma\)) da ferritic (\(\alpha\)) matakai a cikin mahaɗin welded ta amfani da na'urorin lantarki na E2 yana nuna ainihin raunin ƙarfe zuwa harin lalata iri ɗaya.A akasin wannan, XPA Spectra na biyu-kashi na masu shinge tare da E1 da C Wutan lantarki, galibi suna da amfani da abubuwa masu yawa, waɗanda ke sa kayan da suka dace a ginin da masana'antu na peerchemical , saboda jayayya Jimenez et al.65;Davidson & Redmond66;Shamant da sauransu67.
Na gani micrographs na welded gidajen abinci na E1 electrodes tare da daban-daban weld geometries: (a) HAZ nuna Fusion line, (b) HAZ nuna Fusion line a mafi girma girma, (c) BM ga ferritic-austenitic lokaci, (d) weld lissafi. , (e) Yana nuna yankin miƙa mulki a kusa, (f) HAZ yana nuna lokacin ferritic-austenitic a mafi girma girma, (g) Weld yankin yana nuna lokaci na ferritic-austenitic lokacin Tensile.
Na gani micrographs na E2 electrode welds a daban-daban weld geometries: (a) HAZ nuna Fusion line, (b) HAZ nuna Fusion line a mafi girma girma, (c) BM ga ferritic-austenitic girma lokaci, (d) weld lissafi, (e)) yana nuna yankin miƙa mulki a kusa, (f) HAZ yana nuna lokacin ferritic-austenitic a mafi girma girma, (g) yankin walda yana nuna lokaci na ferritic-austenitic.
Figures 6a-c da, alal misali, suna nuna tsarin ƙarfe na haɗin gwiwar DSS da aka welded ta amfani da lantarki E1 a nau'ikan walda daban-daban (Hoto 6d), yana nuna inda aka ɗauki micrographs na gani a ma'ana daban-daban.A kan fig.6a, b, f - yankunan miƙa mulki na haɗin gwiwar welded, suna nuna tsarin ma'auni na lokaci na ferrite-austenite.Figures 7a-c da misali kuma suna nuna OM na haɗin gwiwa na DSS wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da E2 electrode a nau'o'in walda daban-daban (Hoto 7d), wanda ke wakiltar wuraren bincike na OM a daban-daban magnifications.A kan fig.7a,b,f nuna yankin canji na haɗin gwiwa mai walda a cikin ma'aunin ferritic-austenitic.Ana nuna OM a yankin walda (WZ) a cikin fig.1 da fig.2. Welds na lantarki E1 da E2 6g da 7g, bi da bi.Ana nuna OM akan BM a Figures 1 da 2. A cikin fig.6c, e da 7c, e suna nuna yanayin welded gidajen abinci tare da lantarki E1 da E2, bi da bi.Wurin haske shine lokacin austenite kuma yankin baki mai duhu shine lokacin ferrite.Ma'auni na lokaci a cikin yankin da ke fama da zafi (HAZ) kusa da layin fusion ya nuna samuwar Cr2N hazo, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin SEM-BSE micrographs a cikin Fig.8a,b kuma an tabbatar a cikin fig.9 a,b ku.Kasancewar Cr2N da aka lura a cikin lokacin ferrite na samfuran a cikin Figs.8a,b kuma an tabbatar da su ta hanyar bincike na SEM-EMF da kuma zane-zane na layi na EMF na sassan welded (Fig. 9a-b), saboda mafi girman zafin zafin walda.Zazzagewa yana haɓaka gabatarwar chromium da nitrogen, tunda yawan zafin jiki a cikin walda yana haɓaka haɓakar watsawar nitrogen.Wadannan sakamakon suna tallafawa nazarin da Ramirez et al.68 da Herenyu et al.69 suka nuna cewa, ba tare da la'akari da abun ciki na nitrogen ba, Cr2N yawanci ana ajiye shi akan hatsi na ferrite, iyakokin hatsi, da iyakokin α / \ (\ gamma \), kamar yadda kuma ya ba da shawara ta hanyar. sauran masu bincike.70.71.
(a) tabo bincike na SEM-EMF (1, 2 da 3) na haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da E2;
Ana nuna yanayin yanayin halittar samfuran wakilai da daidaitattun EMFs a cikin Fig.10 a – c.A kan fig.Figures 10a da 10b suna nuna SEM micrographs da EMF bakan na welded gidajen abinci ta amfani da lantarki E1 da E2 a cikin walda yankin, bi da bi, kuma a cikin fig.10c yana nuna SEM micrographs da EMF spectra of OM dauke da austenite (\(\gamma \)) da ferrite (\(\ alpha \)) matakai ba tare da wani hazo ba.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin bakan EDS a cikin siffa 10a, yawan adadin Cr (21.69 wt.%) da Mo (2.65 wt.%) idan aka kwatanta da 6.25 wt.% Ni yana ba da ma'anar ma'auni na daidaitaccen lokaci na ferrite-austenitic.Microstructure tare da babban raguwa a cikin abun ciki na chromium (15.97 wt.%) da molybdenum (1.06 wt.%) idan aka kwatanta da babban abun ciki na nickel (10.08 wt.%) a cikin microstructure na haɗin welded na electrode E2, wanda aka nuna a ciki. fig.1. Kwatanta.Bayani: EMF spectrum 10b.Siffar acicular tare da kyakkyawan tsari austenitic mai inganci wanda aka gani a cikin WZ da aka nuna a fig.10b yana tabbatar da yiwuwar raguwar abubuwan da ke haifar da taki (Cr da Mo) a cikin weld da hazo na chromium nitride (Cr2N) - lokacin austenitic.Rarraba ɓangarorin hazo tare da iyakokin austenitic (\(\gamma \)) da ferritic (\(\alpha \)) sassan haɗin gwiwa na DSS sun tabbatar da wannan sanarwa72,73,74.Wannan kuma yana haifar da mummunan aikin sa na lalata, tun da ana ɗaukar Cr a matsayin babban kashi don samar da fim mai mahimmanci wanda ke inganta juriya na lalata na gida na karfe59,75 kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 10b.Ana iya ganin cewa BM a cikin SEM micrograph a cikin Fig. 10c yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan tsaftace hatsi kamar yadda sakamakon EDS ya nuna Cr (23.32 wt%), Mo (3.33 wt%) da Ni (6.32 wt).%) kyawawan abubuwan sinadarai.%) a matsayin muhimmin abin haɗawa don duba ma'auni microstructure na ferrite-austenitic na tsarin DSS76.Sakamakon ƙwararrun EMF spectroscopic bincike na welded gidajen abinci na E1 lantarki tabbatar da amfani da shi a cikin gini da kuma dan kadan m yanayi, tun da austenite tsohon da ferrite stabilizers a cikin microstructure sun bi DSS AISI 220541.72 misali ga welded gidajen abinci, 77.
SEM micrographs na welded gidajen abinci, inda (a) lantarki E1 na yankin waldawa yana da bakan EMF, (b) lantarki E2 na yankin walda yana da bakan EMF, (c) OM yana da bakan EMF.
A aikace, an lura da cewa DSS welds suna ƙarfafawa a cikin cikakken yanayin yanayi (F-yanayin), tare da austenite nuclei da ke ƙasa da zafin jiki na solvus, wanda ya dogara da chromium zuwa nickel daidai rabo (Creq / Nieq) (> 1.95 ya ƙunshi yanayin F) Wasu masu bincike sun lura da wannan tasirin ƙarfe saboda ƙarfin watsawa na Cr da Mo a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da ferrite a cikin lokaci na ferrite8078,79.A bayyane yake cewa DSS 2205 BM ya ƙunshi babban adadin Cr da Mo (yana nuna mafi girma Creq), amma yana da ƙananan abun ciki na Ni fiye da walda tare da E1, E2 da C electrodes, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mafi girma na Creq/Nieq.Wannan kuma ya bayyana a cikin binciken na yanzu, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 4, inda aka ƙaddara ƙimar Creq/Nieq don DSS 2205 BM sama da 1.95.Ana iya ganin welds tare da na'urorin lantarki E1, E2 da C suna taurare a yanayin austenitic-ferritic (yanayin AF), yanayin austenitic (A yanayin) da yanayin ferritic-austenitic, bi da bi, saboda mafi girman abun ciki na yanayin girma (yanayin FA) .), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 4, abubuwan da ke cikin Ni, Cr da Mo a cikin walda ba su da yawa, yana nuna cewa rabon Creq/Nieq ya yi ƙasa da na BM.Farko na farko a cikin welds na lantarki na E2 yana da nau'in ilimin halittar jiki na ferrite kuma ƙaddarar Creq/Nieq shine 1.20 kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Tebur 4.
A kan fig.11a yana nuna yuwuwar buɗaɗɗen kewayawa (OCP) tare da lokaci don tsarin ƙarfe na AISI DSS 2205 a cikin 3.5% NaCl bayani.Ana iya ganin cewa lanƙwan ORP yana motsawa zuwa mafi inganci mai inganci, yana nuna bayyanar fim ɗin da ba a so a saman samfurin ƙarfe, raguwar yuwuwar yana nuna lalata gabaɗaya, kuma yuwuwar kusan ci gaba a kan lokaci yana nuna samuwar m fim kan lokaci., Tsarin samfurin yana da kwanciyar hankali kuma yana da Sticky 77. Ƙaƙwalwar suna nuna alamun gwaji a ƙarƙashin yanayin kwanciyar hankali don duk samfurori a cikin wani nau'i na electrolyte dauke da 3.5% NaCl bayani, ban da samfurin 7 (weld haɗin gwiwa tare da C-electrode), wanda ke nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali kadan.Ana iya kwatanta wannan rashin kwanciyar hankali da kasancewar ions na chloride (Cl-) a cikin bayani, wanda zai iya hanzarta haɓakar lalata, ta haka ne ya kara yawan lalata.Abubuwan lura yayin binciken OCP ba tare da yuwuwar amfani da su ba sun nuna cewa Cl a cikin martani na iya shafar juriya da kwanciyar hankali na samfuran samfuran a cikin yanayi masu haɗari.Ma et al.81 da Lotho et al.5 ya tabbatar da da'awar cewa Cl- yana taka rawa wajen haɓaka lalata fina-finai masu ban sha'awa akan abubuwan da ake so, don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba.
Binciken Electrochemical na samfuran da aka yi nazari: (a) juyin halittar RSD dangane da lokaci da (b) polarization mai ƙarfi na samfuran a cikin 3.5% NaCl bayani.
A kan fig.11b yana gabatar da nazarin kwatancen madaidaicin magudanar ruwa mai ƙarfi (PPC) na haɗin welded na lantarki E1, E2 da C a ƙarƙashin tasirin maganin 3.5% NaCl.Samfuran BM welded a cikin PPC da 3.5% NaCl bayani sun nuna halin m.Teburin 5 yana nuna ma'aunin bincike na lantarki na samfuran samfuran da aka samu daga madaidaicin PPC, kamar Ecorr ( yuwuwar lalata) da Epit ( yuwuwar lalatawa) da ɓacin ransu.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran samfurori No. 2 da No. 5, welded da electrodes E1 da E2, samfurori No. 1 da No. 7 (BM da welded gidajen abinci tare da electrode C) ya nuna babban yiwuwar pitting lalata a cikin NaCl bayani (Fig. 11b). ).Mafi girman kaddarorin masu wucewa na tsohon idan aka kwatanta da na karshen shine saboda ma'auni na microstructural abun da ke ciki na karfe (austenitic da ferritic matakai) da kuma taro na alloying abubuwa.Sakamakon kasancewar matakan ferrite da austenitic a cikin microstructure, Resendea et al.82 sun goyi bayan halin rashin yarda na DSS a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu tayar da hankali.Ƙananan aikin samfuran welded tare da E1 da E2 electrodes ana iya danganta su da raguwar manyan abubuwan alloying, irin su Cr da Mo, a cikin yankin walda (WZ), tunda sun daidaita lokacin ferrite (Cr da Mo), suna aiki azaman passivators Alloys a cikin austenitic lokaci na oxidized karafa.Tasirin waɗannan abubuwan akan juriya na pitting ya fi girma a cikin lokacin austenitic fiye da lokacin ferritic.Saboda wannan dalili, lokaci na ferritic yana jurewa wucewa da sauri fiye da lokacin austenitic da ke hade da yankin farko na wucewa na madaidaicin polarization.Wadannan abubuwa suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan juriya na DSS saboda tsayin daka da tsayin daka a cikin lokacin austenitic idan aka kwatanta da lokacin ferritic.Saboda haka, saurin wucewar lokaci na ferrite shine 81% sama da na lokacin austenite.Ko da yake Cl- in bayani yana da karfi mummunan tasiri a kan passivating ikon karfe film83.Sakamakon haka, kwanciyar hankali na fim ɗin wucewa na samfurin za a ragu sosai84.Daga Tebur.6 kuma yana nuna cewa yuwuwar lalata (Ecorr) na welded gidajen abinci tare da E1 electrode ba shi da ɗan kwanciyar hankali a cikin bayani idan aka kwatanta da welded gidajen abinci tare da E2 lantarki.Hakanan ana tabbatar da wannan ta ƙarancin ƙimar taurin walda ta amfani da lantarki E1 da E2 a cikin fig.4a,b, wanda shine saboda ƙananan abun ciki na ferrite (Table 5) da ƙananan abun ciki na chromium da molybdenum (Table 4) a cikin tsarin karfe da aka yi da shi.Ana iya ƙarasa da cewa juriya na lalata ƙarfe a cikin yanayin ruwa da aka kwaikwaya yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwar walda a halin yanzu kuma yana raguwa tare da ƙaramin abun ciki na Cr da Mo da ƙarancin abun ciki na ferrite.Wannan bayanin ya yi daidai da binciken da Salim et al.85 ya yi kan tasirin sifofin walda kamar walda na yau da kullun akan ingancin lalata na ƙera ƙarfe.Yayin da chloride ke shiga cikin karfe ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar su sha ruwa da kuma yaduwa, ramuka (lalata) na siffa da zurfin da bai dace ba suna samuwa.Tsarin ya bambanta sosai a cikin mafi girma pH mafita inda ƙungiyoyin da ke kewaye (OH-) ke jawo hankalin kawai ga saman karfe, daidaita fim ɗin da ba a so da kuma samar da ƙarin kariya ga saman karfe25,86.Mafi kyawun juriya na lalata samfurin No. 1 da No. 7 shine yafi saboda kasancewar a cikin tsarin karfe na babban adadin δ-ferrite (Table 5) da babban adadin Cr da Mo (Table 4), tun lokacin da matakin lalata ya fi kasancewa a cikin ƙarfe, wanda aka yi masa walda ta hanyar DSS, a cikin tsarin austenitic-lokaci na sassan.Don haka, sinadari na gami yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin lalata na haɗin gwiwa welded87,88.Bugu da ƙari, an lura cewa samfuran da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin lantarki na E1 da C a cikin wannan binciken sun nuna ƙananan ƙimar Ecorr daga madaidaicin PPC fiye da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da E2 electrode daga OCP (Table 5).Sabili da haka, yankin anode yana farawa a ƙananan yuwuwar.Wannan canjin ya samo asali ne saboda wani ɗan lokaci na kwanciyar hankali na Layer passivation da aka kafa a saman samfurin da kuma polarization na cathodic wanda ke faruwa kafin cikakken daidaitawar OCP89 ya samu.A kan fig.12a da b suna nuna hotunan 3D na gani na gani na ɓangarorin samfuran gwaji a ƙarƙashin yanayin walda daban-daban.Ana iya ganin cewa girman lalatawar pitting na samfuran yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙarancin lalatawar rami da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar babban waldi na yanzu na 110 A (Fig. 12b), kwatankwacin girman lalatawar pitting da aka samu don welds tare da ƙaramin rabo na yanzu na walda. 90 A. (Hoto 12a).Wannan ya tabbatar da da'awar Mohammed90 na cewa an kafa makada masu zamewa a saman samfurin don lalata fim ɗin wucewa ta saman ta hanyar fallasa ma'aunin zuwa 3.5% NaCl bayani don chloride ya fara kai hari, yana haifar da abu ya narke.
Binciken SEM-EDS a cikin Table 4 ya nuna cewa ƙimar PREN na kowane lokaci austenitic sun fi na ferrite a duk welds da BM.Ƙaddamar da rami a mahallin ferrite/austenite yana haɓaka lalata madaidaicin kayan abu saboda rashin daidaituwa da rarrabuwa na abubuwan da ke faruwa a waɗannan wuraren91.Ba kamar lokacin austenitic ba, inda ƙimar juriya daidai (PRE) ta kasance mafi girma, ƙaddamarwa a cikin lokacin ferritic saboda ƙananan ƙimar PRE (Table 4).Lokaci na austenite yana da alama yana ƙunshe da adadi mai yawa na austenite stabilizer (nitrogen solubility), wanda ke ba da mafi girma maida hankali na wannan kashi kuma, saboda haka, mafi girma juriya ga pitting92.
A kan fig.Hoto na 13 yana nuna madaidaicin madaurin zafin jiki na E1, E2, da C.Ganin cewa yawan halin yanzu ya karu zuwa 100 µA/cm2 saboda ramuka yayin gwajin ASTM, a bayyane yake cewa @110A weld tare da E1 ya nuna mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci na 27.5 ° C sannan E2 @ 90A siyarwar yana nuna CPT na 40 °C, kuma a yanayin C@110A mafi girman CPT shine 41°C.Sakamakon da aka lura yana da kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da sakamakon da aka lura na gwaje-gwajen polarization.
An bincika kaddarorin injina da halayen lalata na walda bakin karfe na duplex ta amfani da sabbin wayoyin E1 da E2.Electrode alkaline (E1) da acidic electrode (E2) da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin SMAW an yi nasarar lullube su tare da tsarin juzu'i tare da girman ɗaukar hoto na 1.7 mm da ma'aunin alkaline na 2.40 da 0.40, bi da bi.An ƙididdige daidaiton yanayin zafi na jujjuyawar da aka shirya ta amfani da TGA a cikin tsaka mai wuya.Kasancewar babban abun ciki na TiO2 (%) a cikin matrix mai jujjuyawa ya inganta ɓangarorin kawar da walda don lantarki da aka lulluɓe da ruwan acidic (E2) idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin da aka rufa da su tare da madaidaicin ruwa (E1).Ko da yake na'urorin lantarki guda biyu masu rufi (E1 da E2) suna da kyakkyawan ikon farawa.Yanayin walda, musamman shigarwar zafi, walƙiya halin yanzu da sauri, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma ma'aunin austenite/ferrite na welds DSS 2205 da ingantattun kayan aikin walda.Haɗin da aka haɗa tare da lantarki na E1 sun nuna kyawawan kaddarorin ƙwanƙwasa (shear 0.2% YS = 497 MPa da UTS = 732 MPa), yana mai tabbatar da cewa na'urorin da aka rufe su na asali suna da babban ma'auni na asali idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin da aka rufe acid flux.Electrodes suna nuna mafi kyawun kayan aikin injiniya tare da ƙarancin alkalinity.A fili yake cewa a cikin welded gidajen wuta na lantarki tare da sabon shafi (E1 da E2) babu wani ma'auni na ferrite-austenitic lokaci, wanda aka bayyana ta amfani da OES da SEM-EDS bincike na weld da ƙididdige ta da girma juzu'i a cikin. walda.Metallography ya tabbatar da binciken su na SEM.microstructures.Wannan ya faru ne saboda raguwar abubuwan haɗakarwa kamar Cr da Mo da yuwuwar sakin Cr2N yayin walda, wanda binciken layin EDS ya tabbatar.Wannan yana ƙara goyan bayan ƙananan ƙimar ƙimar da aka lura a cikin walda tare da lantarki E1 da E2 saboda ƙarancin adadin ferrite da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a cikin tsarin ƙarfe.Ƙimar Lalacewar Shaida (Ecorr) na walda ta amfani da lantarki na E1 ya tabbatar da cewa ba shi da ɗan juriya ga lalatawar bayani idan aka kwatanta da walda ta amfani da E2 electrode.Wannan yana tabbatar da ingancin sabbin na'urorin lantarki da aka haɓaka a cikin welds da aka gwada a cikin 3.5% NaCl muhalli ba tare da jujjuya cakuda gami ba.Ana iya ƙarasa da cewa juriya na lalata a cikin yanayin ruwa da aka kwaikwayi yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwar walda na halin yanzu.Don haka, hazo na carbides da nitrides da raguwa na gaba a cikin juriya na juriya na welded gidajen abinci ta amfani da E1 da E2 electrodes an bayyana su ta hanyar haɓakar walda na yanzu, wanda ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ma'aunin ma'auni na haɗin gwiwar welded daga karfe biyu masu manufa.
Bayan buƙatun, marubucin kowane ɗayan zai samar da bayanan wannan binciken.
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